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A method is presented which correlates injuries in real accidents with Dummy Loadings. This procedure was applied to frontal car/car collisions with 318 occupants wearing safety belts. Dummy Loadings on head, chest and pelvis are confronted with real injury severity in the sub-critical injury level and maximum tolerance limits are deduced. The Dummy Loading curves are worked out by means of a comprehensive calculating simulation. The calculation programs applied were calibrated with crash tests and sled runs. The connection between simulation and real accidents is formed by an Equivalent Accident Characteristic for the defining of the accident severity; the velocity change ▵v has proved to be practicable and reliable for the frontal collisions analysed here. Both results of simulation and accident analysis are related to the reference factor “▵v”. By elimination of the accident characteristic ▵v direct relation between real injury and Dummy Loading was established.

The problem of stability against rollover during operation of earth-moving machines is one of special significance. Primarily the result of operation-related mistakes made by the machine operator, the loss of stability can lead to turnover of the vehicle and, in unfavorable cases on the edge of a slope, to multiple rollover. This paper is conceived in the form of a laboratory investigation and represents the continuation of the field rollover tests conducted in 1979 at the Institute of Automotive Engineering at the Technical University of Berlin. The laboratory investigations are intended to discover a way to effective protection of the machine operator in the event of lateral turnover, as well as to enable presentation of proposals for test regulations for the vehicle restraint system and for the resistant strength of the seat.