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The addition of soybean methyl ester (SME) to diesel fuel has significantly reduced HC and PM emissions, but it increases the NOx emission slightly when measured with exhaust emission evaluation mode for heavy-duty DI diesel engines or D-13 mode in Japan. Also, under partial load conditions, the SME addition increases the PM emission due to an increase in the SOF emission. However, the addition of lighter fractions or kerosene to diesel fuel reduces NOx and PM emissions but increases HC and CO emissions measured by D-13 mode. In addition, under full load conditions, the lighter fuel seldom reduces PM emission. Therefore, the exhaust emissions emitted from the blends of SME, kerosene, and cetane improver to low sulfur diesel fuel are evaluated using the latest DI diesel engine with a turbo-charger and inter-cooler. The clean fuel reduces over 20% of PM under a wide range of engine conditions including D-13 mode without an increase in NOx, HC, and CO emissions.

1 A novel analysis approach called “Regression Density method” was developed for better understanding of fuel property effects on exhaust emission. The approach was applied to diesel emission data obtained in JCAP programs and emission models were conducted to analyze the effects of fuel properties and engine conditions on emissions. By introducing this analysis method, the relationship between density factor and aromatics factor (chemical composition factor) was identified, however, they have been reported previously as dominant factors in fuel properties. The effects of engine conditions and fuel properties on emissions were investigated quantitatively based on the statistically conducted emission models to clarify universal ways to emission reduction. The mechanism of emission formation of vehicles and engines with characteristic behavior was also examined.