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The development of engines with high specific output and low specific fuel consumption is now more than ever becoming the main focus for powertrain product development. A combination of two primary factors is driving this demand: increased fuel cost and stricter government regulations. As worldwide fuel prices continue to increase, consumers are shifting their purchasing toward more fuel-efficient vehicles. Also fueling the demand is new federal corporate average fuel economy (CAFÉ) regulations that are in place for the timeframe from 2008 to 2011. One concept to provide both high specific output and low specific fuel consumption is the combination of turbocharging and gasoline direct fuel injection. This is an attractive concept for the North American market where sport utility vehicles, light trucks and sports cars of all sizes are in demand from consumers.