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Paper outlines a case study on optimal control of a brushless direct-current (BLDC) motor, operating as an Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) in a micro hybrid propulsion system for motorcycles. Main research focus is optimization of BLDC machine torque characteristics, particularly in starter operation mode, in order to improve cranking of the internal combustion engine (ICE) at various operation conditions. Stringent cranking torque demands, limited physical dimensions of the electrical machine and a wide rotational speed range of prototype ICE are most challenging reasons for the exhaustive study of applicable control algorithms in the low rpm range. Two approaches for optimization of torque characteristics are discussed, common known flux-weakening method and the modification of power-switch conduction angle, respectively. The evaluation of most relevant control approaches is based on computer simulation and prototype set-up measurements.

To reduce carbon emissions and mitigate traffic congestion in urban environments, new innovative transportation concepts are required. While public transportation covers certain segments, it cannot supply all possible routes, use cases, and preferences and hence, other solutions are needed as well. Urban drive missions are not typically calling for huge powers or even large energy capacities. In the vehicle design, this should be shown as rightsizing. It is not only the powertrain that should be rightsized but also the vehicle physical dimensions, to enable, e.g., convenient maneuvering. Furthermore, due to the variety of options (walking, biking, scooters, public transportation etc.), one might need a personal vehicle only occasionally, and therefore, a vehicle with shared and multipurpose capabilities would be an asset. Lastly, since small urban vehicles are considered unsafe, improving the safety and general confidence on small vehicles is vital for the market penetration.