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This paper reports the results of a comprehensive project investigating the performance of a Ricardo Hydra direct injection diesel engine and concentrates on the application of the two-colour technique for obtaining quantitative data from the photographs of the combustion process. Tests have been performed on the engine over a wide range of operating conditions, but this paper focus on the effects of injection timing on diesel combustion. The results gave information on the distribution of temperature and soot in the combustion chamber during the burning process, and this information correlated well with gross emission measurements of smoke and oxides of nitrogen carried out on the standard version of the engine.