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Results of recent studies conducted to evaluate 4 water-treatment systems (including pre-filter, reverse osmosis, carbon absorption, deionization, and membrane filtration) showed inconsistent performance among the generic components. In addition, a wide range of values were observed for contaminants such as microorganisms, bacterial endotoxin, total oxidizable carbons, chlorine residual, conductivity, temperature, and pH. Results demonstrate the need for careful attention to system component selection and placement in order to provide required water quality. Water treatment and product technology application have undergone vast changes over the last 5 years. While more efficient and compact components for water treatment have been modified or designed, precision means for measuring water quality have not advanced as rapidly. The design and operation of a water system contribute greatly to the quality of water.