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The Cardinal is a Super Short Takeoff and Landing (SSTOL) aircraft, which is designed to fulfill the desire for center-city to center-city travel by utilizing river “barges” for short takeoffs and landings to avoid construction of new runways or heliports. In addition, the Cardinal will fulfill the needs of the U.S. Navy for a Carrier On-board Delivery (COD) aircraft to replace the C-2 Greyhound. Design requirements for the Cardinal included a takeoff ground roll of 300 ft, a landing ground roll of 400 ft, cruise at 350 knots with a range of up to 1500 nm with reserves, payload of 24 passengers and baggage for a commercial version or a military version with a 10,000 lb payload, capable of carrying two GE F110 engines for the F-14D, and a spot factor requirement of 60 feet by 29 feet.

Preliminary results from testing of 26 X 6.6 radial-belted and bias-ply aircraft tires at NASA Langley's Aircraft Landing Dynamics Facility (ALDF) are reviewed. These tire tests are part of a larger, on going joint NASA/FAA/Industry Surface Traction and Radial Tire (START) Program involving three different tire sizes. The 26 X 6.6 tire size evaluation includes cornering performance tests throughout the aircraft ground operational speed range for both dry and wet runway surfaces. Static test results to define 26 X 6.6 tire vertical stiffness properties are also presented and discussed.

Airline tenants at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW Airport) use deicing/anti-icing chemicals, as may be needed, to maintain wintertime operations. DFW Airport has implemented best management practices for pollution prevention measures relating to deicing/anti-icing activities. However, as the planes leave the deicing pads, deicing/anti-icing fluids can drip from the planes onto the runways, taxiways, and ramp areas. As planes take off, the fluids can also shear off onto Airport property. During winter storm events, these deicing/anti-icing fluids are flushed off the runways, etc., with the stormwater. Stormwater containing deicing/anti-icing fluids can discharge through outfalls into Trigg Lake located in the southwestern part of the DFW Airport property.

The vision of SESAR is to integrate and implement new technologies to improve air traffic management (ATM) performance. Enhanced automation and new separation modes characterize the future concept of operations, where the role of the human operator will remain central by integrating more managing and decision-making functions. The expected changes represent challenges for the human actors in the aircraft and on ground and must be taken into account during the development phase. Integrating the human in the ATM system development starting from the early design phase is a key factor for future acceptability. This paper describes the adaptation of currently applied Cockpit Human Factors processes in order to be able to design the aircraft for the future ATM environment.

The objective of this paper is to show the probable composition of the VTOL Transportation System of the future and provide some specific predictions concerning some of its key elements. Two types of service are recognized: metropolitan area service, connecting airports with downtown and suburban heliports -- which will continue to be done by helicopters; and inter-city downtown to downtown service employing high speed future type VTOL aircraft. Currently operating VTOL airlines are demonstrating the practicality of metropolitan area helicopter service. Advanced, high speed VTOL vehicles, introduced in the 1970’s will make extension of current routes possible to inter-city service. To fully develop the potential in the future, large “transportation centers” will be established in our major cities.

A study has been conducted into the employment of ailerons as a brake augmentation device capable of minimising landing distance whilst maintaining the aircraft on the runway centre line. The idea is to use ailerons to increase the normal force on the undercarriage, which has the effect of increasing the available friction force in favour of the gear that is most likely to skid. The paper evaluates, the aerodynamic forces and moments produced by ailerons, the achievable increase/decrease in the applied normal undercarriage loading, the aircraft roll rates, dynamic lags due to fully deflecting the ailerons, and the responsiveness of the anti skid system. This paper shows that the ailerons have the aerodynamic effectiveness to enhance differential braking and describes the concept for shortening landing distances. The paper introduces the methodology to achieve this proposed effect.

The strategic planning and tactical execution of Air Traffic Control (ATC) provided by Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP) are often not aligned and lead to inefficiencies in the Air Traffic Management (ATM) system. This paper proposes an analytical framework for the air traffic control system based on a system-of-systems paradigm, with a hierarchy of nested and cascaded feedback control loops—one or more for each type of control service. The framework is then used to assess the stability and response to random variables, such as poor weather and equipment failures. The performance of each control loop is then described qualitatively and validates the framework for investigating the benefit of new policies and technologies.

The objective of this work is to better understand freezing fog/drizzle conditions using observations collected during the Fog Remote Sensing and Modeling project (FRAM-S) that took place at St. John's International Airport, St. John's, NL, Canada. This location was ~1 km away from the Atlantic Ocean coast. During the project, the following measurements at one minute resolution were collected: precipitation rate (PR) and amount, fog/drizzle microphysics, 3D wind speed (Uh) and turbulence (Uh'), visibility (Vis), IR and SW radiative fluxes, temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH), and aerosol observations. The reflectivity and microphysical parameters obtained from the Metek Inc. MRR (Microwave Rain Radar) were also used in the analysis. The measurements were then used to obtain freezing fog/drizzle microphysical characteristics and their relation to visibility.

Assuming the delivery with an excess velocity reserve 3.300 ft/sec of a 1 ton. transferable load to a space laboratory orbiting at 200 S.M., the feasibility of a 2 (or 3) stages “horizontal take-off transporter” is considered. Analysis includes the concept of two recoverable vehicles and discusses the configuration, separation, return and propulsion. Design assumes that conventional airports can be used without special facilities, except LOX and LH.

Environmental sustainability is morphing Automotive technical development strategies and driving the evolution of vehicles with a speed and a strength hardly foreseeable a decade ago. The entire vehicle architecture is impacted, and energy efficiency becomes one of the most important parameters to reach goals, which are now not only market demands, but also based on regulatory standards with penalty consequences. Therefore, rolling drag from all bearings in multiple rotating parts of the vehicle needs to be reduced; wheel bearings are among the biggest in size regardless of the powertrain architecture (ICE, Hybrid, BEV) and have a significant impact. The design of wheel bearings is a complex balance between features influencing durability, robustness, vehicle dynamics, and, of course, energy efficiency.

This paper describes a model-based tool for analyzing the activities of glass cockpit flight crews. The tool is based on the Crew Activity Tracking System (CATS). CATS has been extended to provide visualization and data playback capabilities to support analysis of pilot-automation interaction. Use of the tool for analyzing high fidelity flight simulator data from a NASA Air Traffic Management simulation as part of a model-based design process is described.

Consideration for the damaging effects to aircraft from the failure of wheels and tires should be evaluated. This document discusses the types of problems in-service aircraft have experienced and methodology in place to assist the designers when evaluating threats for new aircraft design. The purpose of this document is to provide a history of in-service problems, provide a historical summary of the design improvements made to wheels and tires during the past 40 years, and to offer methodology which has been used to help designers assess the threat to ensure the functionality of systems and equipment located in and around the landing gear and in wheel wells.

Time in Service (TIS), or flight hours, logged in maintenance records against an installed rotorcraft transmission is normally used as the “official” time on wing metric for the transmission’s component wear out inspection interval requirement and, in some instances, retirement change on life limited parts. This AIR addresses traditional methods of transmission TBO extensions and introduces rotorcraft transmission monitoring usage metrics that could be used to modify TIS inspections by tracking torque to determine both loads on life limited parts and component wear. This is a document of the SAE HM-1 Committee intended to be used as a technical information source and is not intended as a legal document or standard. This AIR does not provide detailed implementation steps, but does address general implementation, past experience, concerns and potential benefits.

The formal definition of a Hub Airport, according to federal authorities, is an airport which enplanes over .05 percent of the total enplaned domestic airline passenger traffic in the United States during a given year. Hub Airports may be subdivided into categories of Small, Medium, and Large Hubs and these category classifications are dependent upon the number of passengers enplaned. As advances are made in airport design and air traffic control techniques, it may be expected that small aircraft, reciprocating engine aircraft of less than 12 500 lb, can be better assimilated into the environment of a Hub Airport without unduly burdening the total aircraft operating system.

A strong air/water interaction theory is used to develop a fast simplified model for the trapping of water in a film that flows over sub-grid surface roughness. The sub-grid model is used to compute correction factors that can alter mass transport within the film. The sub-grid model is integrated into a covariant film mass transport model of film flow past three-dimensional surfaces in a form that is suitable for use in aircraft icing codes. Sample calculations are presented to illustrate the application of the model.

A methodology for assessing ground run-up noise exposure/impact resulting from turbine engine performance testing on outdoor facilities was developed. The overall methodology consists of three calculation procedures using dBA levels (measured or estimated) to predict the Day-Night Level (LDN) at any location across existing terrain. The methodology provides the analysis capability required to 1) study noise suppressor requirements in order to minimize costs, 2) locate run-up and test-cell pads, and 3) study the impact of run-up operations changes. It also provides a potential capability for assessing noise exposure from 1) takeoff power check run-ups, or 2) other (non-turbine) static noise sources.

Aviation safety is one of the key focus areas of the aerospace industry as it involves safety of passengers, crew, assets etc. Due to advancements in technology, aviation safety has reached to safest levels compared to last few decades. In spite of declining trends in in-air accident rate, ground accidents are increasing due to ever increasing air traffic and human factors in the airport. Majority of the accidents occur during initial and final phases of the flight. Rapid increase in air traffic would pose challenge in ensuring safety and best utilization of Airports, Airspace and assets. In current scenario multiple systems like Runway Debris Monitoring System, Runway Incursion Detection System, Obstacle avoidance system and Traffic Collision Avoidance System are used for collision prediction and alerting in airport environment. However these approaches are standalone in nature and have limitations in coverage, performance and are dependent on onboard equipment.

A CELSS has been defined based on current or near-term technology. The CELSS was sized to support the metabolic load of four people on the Moon for ten years. A metabolic load of 14 MJ/person/day is assumed, including an average of 2.6 hr of EVA/person/day. Close to 100% closure of water, and oxygen, and 85% closure of the food loop is assumed. With 15% of the calories supplied from Earth, this should provide adequate dietary variety for the crew along with vitamin and mineral requirements. Other supply and waste removal requirements are addressed. The basic shell used is a Space Station Freedom 7.3 m (24 ft) module. This is assumed to be buried in regolith to provide protection from radiation, meteoroids, and thermal extremes. A solar dynamic power system is assumed, with a design life of 10 years delivering power at 368 kWh/kg. Initial estimates of size are that 73 m2 of plant growth area are required, giving a plant growth volume of about 73 m3.