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The A06 test facility designed for combustor testing in altitude has been modified to be converted in an icing facility for probe testing. The objective was to be able to simulate ice crystals conditions at high altitude, high Mach number and low temperature. This facility has been upgraded in several steps extending the median size of the ice crystals produced and the ice water content range. The aero-thermal and icing capabilities have been assessed during commissioning tests. Finally, in order to prepare the calibration of the facility, some measurement techniques for cloud characterization have been selected or developed, especially for cloud uniformity measurement.

This work presents the implementation and validation efforts of a 3D ice accretion solver for aeronautical applications, MESS3D, based on the advanced Messinger model. The solver is designed to deal with both liquid phase and ice crystal cloud conditions. In order to extend the Messinger model to 3D applications, an algorithm for the water run-back distribution on the surface was implemented, in place of an air flow stagnation line search algorithm, which is straightforward in 2D applications, but more complicated in 3D. The developed algorithm aims to distribute the run-back water in directions determined by air pressure gradients or shear forces. The data structure chosen for MESS3D allows high flexibility since it can manage the necessary input solutions on surface grids coming from both structured and unstructured solvers, regardless the number of edges per surface cells.

A model for the computation of the secondary trajectories of droplets has been implemented in the CIRA code Imp3d and validated with literature data. Aim of the paper is to present the model of secondary trajectories and to discuss the test cases performed.

Future compliance to FAA 14 CFR Part 25 and EASA CS-25 Appendix O conditions has required icing wind tunnels to expand their cloud simulation envelope, and demonstrate accurate calibration of liquid water content and droplet particle size distributions under these conditions. This has led to a renewed community interest in the accuracy of these calibrations, and the potential inter-facility bias due to the choice of instrumentation and processing methods. This article provides a comparison of the response of various hot-wire liquid water content instruments under Appendix C and supercooled large droplet conditions, after an independent similar analysis at other wind tunnel facilities. The instruments are being used, or are under consideration for use, by facilities collaborating in the ICE GENESIS program.

In this study a comparison is made between results from three Eulerian-based computational methods that predict the ice crystal trajectories and impingement on a NACA-0012 airfoil. The computational methods are being developed within CIRA (Imp2D/3D), ONERA (CEDRE/Spiree) and University of Twente (MooseMBIce). Eulerian models describing ice crystal transport are complex because physical phenomena, like drag force, heat transfer and phase change, depend on the particle's sphericity. Few correlations exist for the drag of non-spherical particles and heat transfer of these particles. The effect or non-spherical particles on the collection efficiency will be shown on a 2D airfoil.

The presence of ice crystals in deep convective clouds has become a major threat for aviation safety. As recently highlighted, once inside the engine core, ice crystals encounter a high temperature environment, so that they can either melt by convection with the warm environment or melt upon impact onto hot static components of the low-pressure components. As a consequence, a liquid film may form which, in turn, is able to capture further ice crystals by sticking mechanism. This scenario results in a significant decrease of the local surface temperature and, hence, promotes the accretion of ice. Therefore, it is clear that icing simulation capabilities have to be updated in order to be able to predict such phenomena. The paper proposes an extension of CIRA icing tools to deal with ice crystals along with supercooled water droplets.

A new optical array imaging probe, called the 1D2D probe, has been developed by Science Engineering Associates, with features added to improve the real-time and post-analysis measurements of particle spectra, particularly in the Supercooled Large Droplet size range. The probe uses optical fibers and avalanche photodiodes to achieve a very high frequency response, and a Field-Programmable Gate Array that performs real-time particle rejection and processing of accepted particles with negligible inter-particle dead time. The probe records monochromatic two-dimensional images, while also recording the number of individual particle pixels at a second grey scale level. The probe implements flexible features to filter recording of highly out of focus particles to improve the accuracy of particle size determination, or to reject small particles to improve the statistics of measurements of larger particles.