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The addition of soybean methyl ester (SME) to diesel fuel has significantly reduced HC and PM emissions, but it increases the NOx emission slightly when measured with exhaust emission evaluation mode for heavy-duty DI diesel engines or D-13 mode in Japan. Also, under partial load conditions, the SME addition increases the PM emission due to an increase in the SOF emission. However, the addition of lighter fractions or kerosene to diesel fuel reduces NOx and PM emissions but increases HC and CO emissions measured by D-13 mode. In addition, under full load conditions, the lighter fuel seldom reduces PM emission. Therefore, the exhaust emissions emitted from the blends of SME, kerosene, and cetane improver to low sulfur diesel fuel are evaluated using the latest DI diesel engine with a turbo-charger and inter-cooler. The clean fuel reduces over 20% of PM under a wide range of engine conditions including D-13 mode without an increase in NOx, HC, and CO emissions.

Exhaust emissions from various kinds of clean diesel fuels were evaluated using a commercial DI diesel engine in comparison with the emissions from a commercial diesel fuel containing 0.05% sulfur. The blending of a light paraffinic fuel to a commercial diesel fuel reduces HC, CO, PM and NOx emissions and a light fuel with aromatics or kerosene reduces PM and NOx but not HC and CO. The PM and NOx emissions from the paraffinic fuel are lower than these from the kerosene, and these emissions are decreased with an increase in the blending ratio of both light fuels to a commercial diesel fuel. Reformulated diesel fuels such as a clean city diesel fuel and fuels with few aromatics reduce PM and NOx emissions more than commercial diesel fuel, and the reduction rate is highly dependent on aromatic content. The effects on emissions of blending soybean methyl ester or tripropylene glycol methyl ether to a commercial diesel fuel were evaluated.