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The engine was operated over simulated EPA city and highway test cycles to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions performance in the context of EPA’s LD GHG standards through year 2025....As part of its technology assessment for the upcoming midterm evaluation (MTE) of the 2022-2025 Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas (LD GHG) emissions standards, EPA has been benchmarking engines and transmissions to generate inputs for use in its Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) model, a physics-based, forward-looking, full vehicle computer simulation tool.

The development of transparent, reliable cost analyses that are accessible to all interested stakeholders has played a crucial role in establishing feasible and cost effective standards to improve fuel economy and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The FEV team, together with engineering staff from EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, and FEV's subcontractor, Munro & Associates, developed a robust costing methodology based on tearing down, to the piece part level, relevant systems, sub-systems, and assemblies from vehicles “with and without” the technologies being evaluated. ...This approach to costing new technologies has proven to be very robust and of substantial value in recent standards-setting activities related to light-duty vehicle GHGs and fuel economy. Its success makes it likely that this approach will continue to find use in the future, not only in government standards setting activities, but also for private interests with a desire to provide, for all to see, an understanding of the cost of applying innovative technologies to products in the transportation sector.