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A simplified LCA model of a car, where the main body material is a parameter and only the GHG impact is calculated, has been built in order to investigate broad assumptions on material production and recycling. ...The only unequivocal conclusion is that recycling should be systematically fostered to reduce the GHG impact.

The recent development of biofuel production worldwide is closely linked to GHG savings objectives and to regional agricultural policies. Many existing studies intend to evaluate the net non renewable energy and GHG savings associated to the various biofuel production pathways. ...Many existing studies intend to evaluate the net non renewable energy and GHG savings associated to the various biofuel production pathways. However, there is no consensus on the results of those studies. ...The main explanations of variations among the results are the following: energy consumption and GHG emissions of the reference fossil pathway, data used for the representation of farming processes and biofuel production processes, accounting for carbon storage in agricultural soils, reference use of the land, choice of an allocation method in case of coproduction.

It is common the development of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventories, by private and public organizations. They are used as starting point for policy makers in their efforts on the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. ...In the transportation sector, methane emission can contribute significantly to the total GHG emissions, considering the lifecycle of the fuel used. Although there are plenty of data about the regulated emission from vehicles, for greenhouse gases such data tend to be scarce. ...In 2006 the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) published a new version of the guidelines for GHG inventories. The emission ratios between CH4 and THC indicated in that document are in use nowadays to help the inventories development.

The trend towards renewable energy sources will continue under the pre-amble of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets. The main question is how to harvest and store renewable energy properly. ...The usage of e-Fuels in the existing ICE-powered vehicle fleet has a big lever arm to reduce the GHG emissions of the transport sector in the short- and medium term. The paper covers the whole well-to-wheel (WtW) pathway by discussing the e-Fuel production from renewable sources, the storage and the usage in the vehicle.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has collected a variety of engine and vehicle test data to assess the effectiveness of new automotive technologies in meeting greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria emission standards and to monitor their behavior in real world operation. EPA’s Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) tool was created to estimate GHG emissions from vehicles using various combinations of advanced technologies and has been refined using data from testing conducted at EPA’s National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory. ...EPA’s Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) tool was created to estimate GHG emissions from vehicles using various combinations of advanced technologies and has been refined using data from testing conducted at EPA’s National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory.

With regards to the HVAC systems, enhancements such as ultra-low permeation hose assemblies and adoption of low GWP refrigerant have shown promising results in reducing the direct GHG emissions by controlling refrigerant permeation & indirect GHG emissions by using compact and high efficiency compressors, compact heat exchangers, and other technologies that contribute to weight reduction and ultimately impact CO2 emissions. ...Automotive OEMs are adapting various “green” technologies to meet the upcoming and anticipated regulations for reducing direct and indirect GHG emissions equivalent to CO2. Using compact devices and lightweight components on the aggregates, OEMs get the benefit of carbon credits towards their contribution in reducing CO2 emissions.

To minimize the impact of global warming worldwide, net greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions have to be reduced. The transportation sector is one main contributor to overall greenhouse gas emissions due to the fact that most of the current propulsion systems rely on fossil fuels. ...Besides emitting GHG, gasoline driven cars emit harmful pollutants, which can cause health issues for humans. Hybrid powertrains provide an available short-term solution to reduce fuel consumption and thus overall emissions. ...From the testing, it can be concluded that despite reducing harmful emissions, hybrid vehicles still emit pollutants and GHG when fueled with conventional gasoline. It is therefore questionable if hybrid vehicles can meet future emission standards such as Euro 7.

The proposed US LD (light-duty) greenhouse gas (GHG) regulation for 2017-25 is reviewed, as well as the finalized, first-ever, US HD (heavy-duty) GHG rule for 2014-17. ...The proposed US LD (light-duty) greenhouse gas (GHG) regulation for 2017-25 is reviewed, as well as the finalized, first-ever, US HD (heavy-duty) GHG rule for 2014-17. The paper then gives a brief, high-level overview of key emissions developments in LD and HD engine technology, covering both gasoline and diesel. ...Emissions challenges include lean NOx remediation for diesel and lean-burn gasoline to meet both the emerging NOx and GHG regulations. NOx control technologies are then summarized, including SCR (selective catalytic reduction) with ammonia, and hydrocarbon-based approaches.

This paper provides an overview of possible engine design optimizations by utilizing highly knock-resistant potential greenhouse gas (GHG) neutral synthetic fuels. Historically the internal combustion engine was tailored to and highly optimized for fossil fuels. ...For future engine generations one of the main objectives is to achieve GHG neutrality. This means that either carbon-free fuels such as hydrogen or potential greenhouse gas neutral fuels are utilized. ...Firstly, these fuels can be produced with renewable energy and carbon capture technologies to be GHG neutral. Secondly, the C1-based fuels burn with significantly less pollutant emissions. A third advantage is the high knock resistance of those fuels.

The US finalized LD (light-duty) greenhouse gas (GHG) regulation for 2017-25. The paper then gives a brief, high-level overview of key developments in LD and HD engine technology, covering both gasoline and diesel. ...Marked improvements in engine efficiency are summarized for gasoline and diesel engines to meet both the emerging NOx and GHG regulations. HD engines are just starting to demonstrate 50% brake thermal efficiency. NOx control technologies are then summarized, including SCR (selective catalytic reduction) with ammonia, and hydrocarbon-based approaches.

In a context of a fossil reserve depletion and reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, the search for new energy for transport is fundamental. Among those new energies, alternative fuels and especially synthetic fuel from Fischer-Tropsch process (so-called XtL, "X-to-Liquid" fuels) seem to have an interesting potential in terms of availability and GHG emission reduction, according to the feedstock used. ...Among those new energies, alternative fuels and especially synthetic fuel from Fischer-Tropsch process (so-called XtL, "X-to-Liquid" fuels) seem to have an interesting potential in terms of availability and GHG emission reduction, according to the feedstock used. Due to the special properties of such products, especially high cetane number, several strategies of incorporation can be envisaged: as a blend in specific basestocks in order to obtain a conventional fuel or a premium fuel or as a pure component.

Furthermore, since the aluminum oxidation is completely GHG free and the alumina produced by the reaction can be recycled back to aluminum, the process has a sustainable environmental management.

With forthcoming 2014 EPA GHG legislation capping methane emissions at 0.10 g/bhp-hr for heavy-duty engines, development of a thermally stable and sulfur-tolerant methane oxidation catalyst becomes more critical.

The Paris Agreement on climate change declared governments’ intentions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as outlined in each country’s nationally determined contribution. Providing affordable energy to support prosperity while reducing environmental impacts, including the risks of climate change, is the dual challenge for the energy and transport industries. ...Development and deployment of low-emission liquid fuels and complementary engine hardware optimization could provide options to meet air quality as well as proposed, ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets. To take advantage of these potential benefits, these fuels must be compatible with the existing fleet and comply with current fuel standards.

Solving the Greenhouse Gas puzzle While automakers and policymakers debate the TAR, engineers and product planners prepare for the steep climb to meet GHG and CAFE rules beyond 2022. Revving up thermal characterization in the component lab The latest generation of high-speed infrared cameras can capture airbag deployments and other fast-moving actions quickly and accurately.

The continuous improvement of internal combustion engines (ICEs) with strategies that can be applied to existing vehicle platforms, either directly or with minor modifications, can improve efficiency and reduce GHG emissions to help achieve Paris climate targets. Low carbon fuels (LCF) as diesel substitutes for light and heavy-duty vehicles are currently being considered as a promising alternative to reduce well-to-wheel (WTW) CO2 emissions by taking advantage of the carbon offset their synthesis pathway can promote, which could capture more CO2 than it releases into the atmosphere.

Key developments are summarized for gasoline and diesel engines to meet both the emerging NOx and GHG regulations. HD engines are demonstrating more than 50% brake thermal efficiency using methods that can reasonably be commercialized.

The regulative environment is poised for ultra-low emissions in the 2024+ time frame with ultra-low NOx proposals from CARB and PN PEMS testing requirements from EU. GHG emissions limits are getting tighter in the next few years along with extended full useful life (FUL) requirements.

Changes in GHG and BSFC varied with the different bioblends and test modes. Emissions of CO and HC were found to be at or near ambient background levels.

In the near future, pollutant and GHG emission regulations in the transport sector will become increasingly stringent. For this reason, there are many studies in the field of internal combustion research that investigate alternative fuels, one example being oxygenated fuels.