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The State of California considers greenhouse gases (GHGs) to be air pollutants and has directed the Air Resources Board to adopt cost effective regulations for GHG emissions from motor vehicles. ...The State of California considers greenhouse gases (GHGs) to be air pollutants and has directed the Air Resources Board to adopt cost effective regulations for GHG emissions from motor vehicles. The northeastern states and Canada through NESCCAF have worked closely with CARB and CO2 equivalent emission regulations have been proposed. ...The eventual status of these regulations may not be clear, but what is clear is that there is a need to develop cost effective technology to reduce GHG emissions. This paper presents such technology. Advances in turbocharging technology relevant to both gasoline and diesel engines are described.

Vehicle OEM’s for MHD applications are facing significant challenges in meeting the stringent 2027 low-NOx and GHG emissions regulations. To meet such challenges, advanced engine and aftertreatment technologies along with powertrain electrification are being applied to achieve robust solutions. ...FEV has previously conducted model-based assessments to show the potential of 48V engine and aftertreatment technologies to simultaneously meet GHG and low NOx emission standards. This study focuses on evaluating the full potential of 48V electrification technology through addition of 48V P3 hybrid system to the previously developed 48V advanced engine and aftertreatment technology package. ...The analysis showed the potential offered by the 48V hybrid system for meeting future low NOx and GHG emission regulations.

The interest in Natural Gas (NG) as alternative fuel for transportation is constantly growing, mostly due to its large availability and lower environmental impact with respect to gasoline or diesel fuel. In this scenario, the application of the Dual Fuel (DF) Diesel- Natural Gas (NG) combustion concept to light duty engines can represent an important route to increment the diffusion of natural gas use. Many studies have proven the benefits of DF with respect to conventional diesel combustion in terms of CO2, NOx, PM and PN emissions, with the main drawback of high unburned hydrocarbon, mainly at low/partial engine loads. This last aspect still prevents the application of DF mode to small displacement engines. In the present work, a 2.0 L Euro 5 compliant diesel engine, equipped with an advanced electronic closed-loop combustion control (CLCC) system, has been set up to operate in DF mode and tested on a dyno test bench.

The trend towards renewable energy sources will continue under the pre-amble of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets. The main question is how to harvest and store renewable energy properly. ...The usage of e-Fuels in the existing ICE-powered vehicle fleet has a big lever arm to reduce the GHG emissions of the transport sector in the short- and medium term. The paper covers the whole well-to-wheel (WtW) pathway by discussing the e-Fuel production from renewable sources, the storage and the usage in the vehicle.

To minimize the impact of global warming worldwide, net greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions have to be reduced. The transportation sector is one main contributor to overall greenhouse gas emissions due to the fact that most of the current propulsion systems rely on fossil fuels. ...Besides emitting GHG, gasoline driven cars emit harmful pollutants, which can cause health issues for humans. Hybrid powertrains provide an available short-term solution to reduce fuel consumption and thus overall emissions. ...From the testing, it can be concluded that despite reducing harmful emissions, hybrid vehicles still emit pollutants and GHG when fueled with conventional gasoline. It is therefore questionable if hybrid vehicles can meet future emission standards such as Euro 7.

The proposed US LD (light-duty) greenhouse gas (GHG) regulation for 2017-25 is reviewed, as well as the finalized, first-ever, US HD (heavy-duty) GHG rule for 2014-17. ...The proposed US LD (light-duty) greenhouse gas (GHG) regulation for 2017-25 is reviewed, as well as the finalized, first-ever, US HD (heavy-duty) GHG rule for 2014-17. The paper then gives a brief, high-level overview of key emissions developments in LD and HD engine technology, covering both gasoline and diesel. ...Emissions challenges include lean NOx remediation for diesel and lean-burn gasoline to meet both the emerging NOx and GHG regulations. NOx control technologies are then summarized, including SCR (selective catalytic reduction) with ammonia, and hydrocarbon-based approaches.

Use of natural gas-diesel dual-fuel (NDDF) combustion in compression ignition engines is a method of reducing the net greenhouse gas (GHG) and particulate matter (PM) emissions of these engines. Compressed natural gas (NG) is injected into the intake manifold of the engine and the air-NG mixture is ignited by a direct injection of diesel in the cylinder. ...Use of the insert causes the GHG emissions to increase and decrease for diesel and NDDF combustion respectively. Additionally, use of the insert causes the NOx emissions to remain similar and increase for diesel and NDDF combustion respectively. ...By using low levels of exhaust gas recirculation, the NOx emissions of NDDF combustion can be reduced without significant impact on the GHG or PM emissions when compared to diesel combustion.

This paper provides an overview of possible engine design optimizations by utilizing highly knock-resistant potential greenhouse gas (GHG) neutral synthetic fuels. Historically the internal combustion engine was tailored to and highly optimized for fossil fuels. ...For future engine generations one of the main objectives is to achieve GHG neutrality. This means that either carbon-free fuels such as hydrogen or potential greenhouse gas neutral fuels are utilized. ...Firstly, these fuels can be produced with renewable energy and carbon capture technologies to be GHG neutral. Secondly, the C1-based fuels burn with significantly less pollutant emissions. A third advantage is the high knock resistance of those fuels.

In a context of a fossil reserve depletion and reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, the search for new energy for transport is fundamental. Among those new energies, alternative fuels and especially synthetic fuel from Fischer-Tropsch process (so-called XtL, "X-to-Liquid" fuels) seem to have an interesting potential in terms of availability and GHG emission reduction, according to the feedstock used. ...Among those new energies, alternative fuels and especially synthetic fuel from Fischer-Tropsch process (so-called XtL, "X-to-Liquid" fuels) seem to have an interesting potential in terms of availability and GHG emission reduction, according to the feedstock used. Due to the special properties of such products, especially high cetane number, several strategies of incorporation can be envisaged: as a blend in specific basestocks in order to obtain a conventional fuel or a premium fuel or as a pure component.

The US finalized LD (light-duty) greenhouse gas (GHG) regulation for 2017-25. The paper then gives a brief, high-level overview of key developments in LD and HD engine technology, covering both gasoline and diesel. ...Marked improvements in engine efficiency are summarized for gasoline and diesel engines to meet both the emerging NOx and GHG regulations. HD engines are just starting to demonstrate 50% brake thermal efficiency. NOx control technologies are then summarized, including SCR (selective catalytic reduction) with ammonia, and hydrocarbon-based approaches.

The continuously strengthened requirements regarding air quality and pollutant reduction as well as GHG emissions further complicate the compliance with legal standards. Especially in view of cost-sensitive applications this demand strongly collides with the EMS set-up and the sensor requirements with still increasing overall system complexity.

The Paris Agreement on climate change declared governments’ intentions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as outlined in each country’s nationally determined contribution. Providing affordable energy to support prosperity while reducing environmental impacts, including the risks of climate change, is the dual challenge for the energy and transport industries. ...Development and deployment of low-emission liquid fuels and complementary engine hardware optimization could provide options to meet air quality as well as proposed, ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets. To take advantage of these potential benefits, these fuels must be compatible with the existing fleet and comply with current fuel standards.

Solving the Greenhouse Gas puzzle While automakers and policymakers debate the TAR, engineers and product planners prepare for the steep climb to meet GHG and CAFE rules beyond 2022. Revving up thermal characterization in the component lab The latest generation of high-speed infrared cameras can capture airbag deployments and other fast-moving actions quickly and accurately.

The continuous improvement of internal combustion engines (ICEs) with strategies that can be applied to existing vehicle platforms, either directly or with minor modifications, can improve efficiency and reduce GHG emissions to help achieve Paris climate targets. Low carbon fuels (LCF) as diesel substitutes for light and heavy-duty vehicles are currently being considered as a promising alternative to reduce well-to-wheel (WTW) CO2 emissions by taking advantage of the carbon offset their synthesis pathway can promote, which could capture more CO2 than it releases into the atmosphere.

Key developments are summarized for gasoline and diesel engines to meet both the emerging NOx and GHG regulations. HD engines are demonstrating more than 50% brake thermal efficiency using methods that can reasonably be commercialized.

Changes in GHG and BSFC varied with the different bioblends and test modes. Emissions of CO and HC were found to be at or near ambient background levels.

In the near future, pollutant and GHG emission regulations in the transport sector will become increasingly stringent. For this reason, there are many studies in the field of internal combustion research that investigate alternative fuels, one example being oxygenated fuels.

It shows the robustness of the implemented technology packages for achieving ultra-low tailpipe emissions to different market fuels and demonstrates the potential of future GHG neutral powertrains enabled by drop-in lower carbon fuels (LCF). An ultra-low emission (ULE) sedan vehicle was set up using state-of-the-art engine technology, with advanced vehicle control and exhaust gas aftertreatment system including a prototype rapid catalyst heating (RCH) unit.

The use of biomass-derived fuels in Diesel engines is an effective way of reducing well-to-wheels (WTW) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Moreover, partially premixed combustion (PPC) makes it possible to achieve very efficient combustion with low emissions of soot and NOx.

In light of concerns about the transportation sector's influence on climate change, legislators are introducing requirements calling for significant reductions in fuel consumption and thereby, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission over the coming decades. Advanced engine concepts and technologies will be needed to boost engine efficiencies.