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This document recommends criteria and requirements for a flight management system (FMS) for transport aircraft. The FMS shall provide the functions of lateral navigation, vertical navigation, and performance management and may include time of arrival control. The FMS design shall take human factors considerations into account to produce a fault tolerant system.

Following a number of high-visibility collisions between aircraft on the airport surface, overall taxi operations have been brought under greater scrutiny. In addition, observation of taxi operations and the results of associated research programs have revealed that the efficiency of taxi operations could be significantly improved with available technologies and by applying a human centered design approach. Surface operations displays have been tested in prototype form and a number of manufacturers are moving toward product definition. This document provides guidance on the design of elements, which may be part of surface operations displays whose objectives would be to enhance safety and to improve overall efficiency of aircraft operations on the airport surface. Such efficiency increases should be realized not only in day-to-day operations, but should also be manifested in training for surface operations.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors/crew interface considerations and criteria for vertical situation awareness displays. This is the first of two recommended practice documents that will address vertical situation awareness displays (VSAD). This document will focus on the performance/planning types of display (e.g., the map display) and will be limited to providing recommendations concerning human factored crew interfaces and will not address architecture issues. This document focuses on two types of VSAD displays: a coplanar implementation of a profile display (side projection) and a conventional horizontal map display; and a 3D map display (geometric projection). It is intended for head down display applications. However, other formats or presentation methods, such as HUDs, HMDs and 3D audio presentations may become more feasible in the future.

The function of a multifunctional display (MFD) system is to provide the crew access to a variety of data, or combinations of data, used to fly the aircraft, to navigate, to communicate, and to manage aircraft systems. MFDs may also display primary flight information (PFI) as needed to insure continuity of operations. This document sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors considerations for MFD systems. The MFD system may contain one or more electronic display devices capable of presenting data in several possible formats. MFDs are designed to depict PFI, navigation, communication, aircraft state, aircraft system management, weather, traffic, and/or other information used by the flight crew for command and control of the aircraft. The information displayed may be combined to make an integrated display or one set of data may simply replace another.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors issues and criteria for cockpit display of traffic information systems. The visual and aural characteristics are covered for both the alerting components and traffic depiction/situation components. The display system may contain any one or a combination of these components Although the system functionality assumed for this document exemplifies fixed-wing aircraft implementation, the recommendations do not preclude other aircraft types. The recommendations contained in this document address both near and far term technology directed toward providing in flight traffic awareness, although the present version remains primarily focused on near term applications. Since this document provides recommendations, the guidance is provided in the form of “should” statements as opposed to the “shall” statements that appear in standards and requirements.

The recommendations of this document apply to such aircraft as are able to perform both normal angle and steep IMC approaches, the latter being defined as those approaches having a final approach segment angle greater than 4°. Such aircraft can include both conventional and STOL fixed-wing aircraft, commercial air transport and/or utility and normal category helicopters, compound helicopters and powered lift vehicles (tiltrotors, tiltfans, tiltwings, etc.).

It does not contain an exhaustive or comprehensive list of requirements for specific systems or functions, such as TCAS, ADS-B, GPS, weather, or shared display considerations (e.g., when should alerts be inhibited on a display system that simultaneously depicts navigation data integrated with terrain data or traffic alerting).

The emphasis in this standard is the development of data word and message formats for AS15531 or MIL-STD-1553 data bus applications. This standard is intended as a guide for the designer to identify standard data words and messages for use in avionics systems and subsystems. These standard words and messages, as well as the documentation format for interface control document (ICD) sheets, provide the basis for defining 15531/1553 systems. Also provided in this standard is the method for developing additional data word formats and messages that may be required by a particular system but are not covered by the formats provided herein. It is essential that any new word formats or message formats that are developed for a 15531/1553 application follow the fundamental guidelines established in this standard in order to ease future standardization of these words and messages. The standard word formats presented represent a composite result of studies conducted by the U.S.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies minimum performance standards for Electronic Flight Information System (EFIS) displays that are head-down and intended for use in the flight deck by the flight crew in all 14 CFR Part 23, 25, 27, and 29 aircraft. This document is expected to be used by multiple regulatory agencies as the basic requirement for a technical standard order for EFIS displays. The requirements and recommendations in this document are intended to apply to, but are not limited to, the following types of display functions: Primary Flight and Primary Navigation displays, including vertical situation and horizontal situation functions. Displays that provide flight crew alerts, which may include engine instrument, aircraft systems information/control. Control displays including communication, navigation and system control displays.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) includes the minimum human factors requirements and recommendations for the flight deck display of data linked Aeronautical Information (AI), specifically Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs). The goal of human factors is to make it easy for users to do things right and hard to do them wrong. The guidance in this ARP supports this goal by defining minimum requirements and recommendations that focus on the text and potential graphics for NOTAMs as well as the human’s interaction with these on the flight deck. In this ARP “flight deck” includes both single pilot flight decks as well as multi-pilot flight decks. The FAA defines NOTAMs1 as any information concerning the establishment, condition, or change in any component of, or hazard to, the National Airspace System.

Following a number of high-visibility collisions between aircraft on the airport surface, overall taxi operations have been brought under greater scrutiny. In addition, observation of taxi operations and the results of associated research programs have revealed that the efficiency of taxi operations could be significantly improved with available technologies and by applying a human centered design approach. Surface operations displays have been tested in prototype form and a number of manufacturers are moving toward product definition. This document provides guidance on the design of elements, which may be part of surface operations displays whose objectives would be to enhance safety and to improve overall efficiency of aircraft operations on the airport surface. Such efficiency increases should be realized not only in day-to-day operations, but should also be manifested in training for surface operations.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors/crew interface considerations and criteria for vertical situation awareness displays. This is the first of two recommended practice documents that will address vertical situation awareness displays (VSAD). This document will focus on the performance/planning types of display (e.g., the map display) and will be limited to providing recommendations concerning human factored crew interfaces and will not address architecture issues. This document focuses on two types of VSAD displays: a coplanar implementation of a profile display (side projection) and a conventional horizontal map display; and a 3D map display (geometric projection). It is intended for head down display applications. However, other formats or presentation methods, such as HUDs, HMDs and 3D audio presentations may become more feasible in the future.

The recommendations of this document apply to such aircraft as are able to perform both normal angle and steep IMC approaches, the latter being defined as those approaches having a final approach segment angle greater than 4°. Such aircraft can include both conventional and STOL fixed-wing aircraft, commercial air transport and/or utility and normal category helicopters, compound helicopters and powered lift vehicles (tiltrotors, tiltfans, tiltwings, etc.).

The scope of this document is limited to Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems ESVS human factors considerations and requirements in comprehension, interpretation and application of imagery and integrated symbology in Enhanced (sensor) and Synthetic (database) Vision Systems in aircraft. Any overlap into logic problems or hardware/software design should be considered to be incidental to the human factors issues. Where the performance characteristics of specific technologies are relevant they will be identified, and where performance criteria are relevant to specific intended functions/use they will be identified. From a regulatory view, intended function (Guidance or Information/Situation Awareness support) has a tremendous effect upon the design of an ESV System.

The emphasis in this standard is the development of data word and message formats for AS15531 or MIL-STD-1553 data bus applications. This standard is intended as a guide for the designer to identify standard data words and messages for use in avionics systems and subsystems. These standard words and messages, as well as the documentation format for interface control document (ICD) sheets, provide the basis for defining 15531/1553 systems. Also provided in this standard is the method for developing additional data word formats and messages that may be required by a particular system but are not covered by the formats provided herein. It is essential that any new word formats or message formats that are developed for a 15531/1553 application follow the fundamental guidelines established in this standard in order to ease future standardization of these words and messages. The standard word formats presented represent a composite result of studies conducted by the U.S.

It does not contain an exhaustive or comprehensive list of requirements for specific systems or functions, such as TCAS, ADS-B, GPS, weather, or shared display considerations (e.g., when should alerts be inhibited on a display system that simultaneously depicts navigation data integrated with terrain data or traffic alerting).

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors issues and criteria for cockpit display of traffic information systems. The visual and aural characteristics are covered for both the alerting components and traffic depiction/situation components. The display system may contain any one or a combination of these components Although the system functionality assumed for this document exemplifies fixed-wing aircraft implementation, the recommendations do not preclude other aircraft types. The recommendations contained in this document address both near and far term technology directed toward providing in flight traffic awareness, although the present version remains primarily focused on near term applications. Since this document provides recommendations, the guidance is provided in the form of “should” statements as opposed to the “shall” statements that appear in standards and requirements.

The material provided in this document consists of recommendations related to the design, analysis, testing, and intended functions of head up displays (HUDs) for transport category airplanes. The content of the document is limited to statements of general design and installation considerations, including display function criticality and compliance considerations; symbology, coding, clutter, dimensionality, and attention getting requirements; equipment installation; display visual characteristics; failure modes; information display and formatting; specific integrated display and mode; and system verification.

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This document recommends criteria and requirements for a Flight Management System (FMS) for transport aircraft. The FMS shall provide the functions of Lateral Navigation, Vertical Navigation, and Performance Management and may include Time of Arrival Control. The FMS design shall take Human Factors considerations into account to produce a fault tolerant system.