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If cycle emissions rates and fuel consumption are intended to typify those of Australian urban driving a new drive cycle is needed since the legislated cycles do not closely replicate observed driving patterns or vehicle emissions and fuel consumption.

An experimental urban car was designed and built by Western Washington State College as an entry in the international Urban Vehicle Design Competition. ...An experimental urban car was designed and built by Western Washington State College as an entry in the international Urban Vehicle Design Competition. The car was designed with a novel form of mid-engine rear drive chassis.

The Brazilian Exhaust Gas Emission legislation established the requirement for EURO III emissions level for city busses introduction one year ahead of the remaining diesel vehicles in an attempt to improve the air quality of the populous main Brazilian cities. To comply with the new requirements Volkswagen Truck & 7-210 (front engine) and the 17-260 (rear engine) utilizing the MWM new generation 6.12 engine family equipped with the Bosch common rail electronic injection system in combination with a sort of driveline features, resulting in an extremely flexible and fuel efficient vehicle to cover a large variety of Brazilian cities routes, traffic density and loading culture, offering the best compromise of performance and fuel efficiency within all conditions.

Over the last decades, a tremendous effort has been made by the European Commission to control the amount of pollution in urban areas by means of EC directives to limit emissions. Today one of the main problems in urban areas is the particulate matter, predominantly emitted by diesel engines. ...In this scenario, the research group of the University of Rome “Tor Vergata” has undertaken a research project with the aim of identifying the benefits of new drive system technologies for urban buses. In this work, the potential benefits of replacing Diesel engines with two different hybrid powertrains are shown. ...To obtain a projection of the beneficial effects of the hybridization on the urban area of Rome, numerical simulations have been carried out on some “real” driving cycles corresponding to real bus routes.

A team of industrial design students designed and built a prototype urban taxi that overcomes several disadvantages of contemporary production taxis including: inadequate interior driver and passenger space, bulky exterior dimensions, and inconvenience to physically handicapped passengers. ...Aesthetically, the vehicle was designed to harmonize visually with the urban environment.

A Diesel particulate trap oxidiser system suitable for retrofiting on urban buses is described. The system consists of a ceramic trap, a regeneration device and a control unit. ...The buses have been tested under real conditions on Athens urban bus routes and the results after the first 10000 km of operation are presented.

In developing countries with large populations and the demand for environmental protection, there is a need for the urban traffic development. These countries could implement Mass Transit, develop less polluting power sources, restrict the production of passenger cars and motorcycles and promote legislation for emission systems.

Automotive exhaust emissions were studied from the standpoint of urban traffic conditions. Auto traffic data were obtained in Tokyo, Japan, using a test car monitored for vehicle speed and other pertinent data. ...Eleven different kinds of traffic patterns in Tokyo were identified which seemed to most closely represent urban driving conditions. Forty-eight motor vehicles, consisting of 1971 to 1976 model year passenger cars, vans and trucks (gasoline and diesel), were driven on a chassis dynamometer to measure emissions under the eleven patterns mentioned above. ...It was found that the 10 mode Japanese official test method would underestimate total emissions in an urban area, especially for vehicles certified to meet stringent emission standards.

The impact of any transit system on the urban environment is related to two areas-one, the metropolitan area; the other, along the routes near the transit stations. ...Finally, to have a really improved urban environment, we must consider our social institutions. We must pull together our many programs into one effective program for rebuilding and managing our cities.

Particularly with buses used in urban areas, reduction methods in black smoke emissions are being researched in addition to the efforts to satisfy the aforementioned PM regulations. ...The system described in this paper was developed for use mainly with buses in large urban concentrations. The system described in this paper mainly consists of both wall-flow monolith filters for filtration of PM emissions and electric heaters for regeneration. ...Since bus routes in large urban concentrations follow common patterns, the mass of PM accumulated over a given time period is more or less constant.

A new urban transit bus design has been developed that demonstrates the latest technological advancements in the automotive engineering world.

Data from injury-producing urban traffic accidents in Australia, involving tempered glass windshields, reveal that while the windshield is a major cause of injuries, they were generally slight and rarely disfiguring.

In August 1972, the Urban Vehicle Design Competition (UVDC) completed an 18-month program of vehicle design and construction with a national testing event of all vehicles entered in the contest. ...The objectives of the competition were to promote a project-oriented approach to engineering education, as well as to provide students with the opportunity to contribute constructively in the effort to develop low-emission, safe urban vehicles. Some of the more innovative designs appeared in the following areas: 1. Low-pollution powerplants utilizing nonfossil fuels, thermal reactors, catalytic reactors, exhaust gas recirculation systems, and hybrid powerplants. 2.

A measure of the correlation of emissions from vehicles driven over the EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) and over the full LA 4 driving schedule is provided. The UDDS is a speed-trace consisting of 18 profiles. separated by idle periods of 0-39 s duration The schedule covers 7.46 miles in 1372 s for an average speed of 19.6 mph.

Design activity on the University of Detroit's (U of D) entry in the 1972 Urban Vehicle Design Competition began in September 1971 with 60 senior engineering students in an interdisciplinary design course. ...The U of D urban vehicle design concept was awarded sixth place overall, and the top awards in safety and emissions for liquid fueled internal combustion engines.

In an attempt to improve ambient air quality, retrofit programmes have been encouraged; targeting reductions in PM emissions by means of diesel particulate filters (DPFs). However depending on the DPF design and operating conditions increased nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions have been observed, which is causing concern. Previous work showed that retrofitting a DPF system employing a fuel borne catalyst (FBC) to facilitate regeneration, reduced NO2 emissions. This paper outlines the investigation of a base metal coated DPF to enhance the reduction of NO2. Such a DPF system has been fitted to older technology buses and has demonstrated reliable field performance.

In the 1970's, the noise of road traffic was investigated in Budapest and in five rural towns /Gyðr, Szeged, Debrecen, Szombathely and Dunaujváros/ of Hungary. 650 measurements were made at 348 points of the towns. Relations among the equivalent A-weighted noise level and certain statistical levels were analyzed on grounds of the measurement results. The regional distribution and fluctuations in time of road traffic were evaluated. In parallel to the measurements, also a census of road traffic was taken. Relations among the various characteristics of traffic noise and traffic density were analyzed by mathematical-statistical methods. In addition to the simple first-degree relation also the second-degree relations considered to be more precise were determined. The relations thus obtained could be used for forecasting the noise of road traffic. The measurement results were compared with the data of similar investigations conducted in Budapest /1959/ and in Szeged /1961/.

The rapid progress of industrialization and urbanization due to economic growth and concentration of social function in the urban areas have made the urban environment worse and worse. In most of urban cities, it has become more and more distinct that the increase of energy consumption is causing environmental problems including the temperature rise in the urban atmosphere(urban warming), and air pollution[1]. ...In most of urban cities, it has become more and more distinct that the increase of energy consumption is causing environmental problems including the temperature rise in the urban atmosphere(urban warming), and air pollution[1]. The present paper reports the results of field observation and three-dimensional simulation of urban warming in Tokyo metropolitan area. ...The present paper reports the results of field observation and three-dimensional simulation of urban warming in Tokyo metropolitan area. The three-dimensional governing equations in an urban atmospheric boundary layer were formulated by virtue of vorticity-velocity vector potential method.

This study applies the methodology developed for two earlier evaluations of diesel particulate controls to urban buses. Since these vehicles are used almost exclusively in urban areas where population is most dense, the analysis indicates the net benefits of control are very high.

In actual driving conditions, particularly in urban areas, vehicles regularly travel at idle, low or medium speeds which signify the engine part load operations. ...In actual driving conditions, particularly in urban areas, vehicles regularly travel at idle, low or medium speeds which signify the engine part load operations. Thus urban driving carries a crucial weight on the overall vehicle fuel economy. Understanding the implications of urban driving conditions on fuel economy will allow for strategic application of key technologies such as cylinder deactivation in the efforts towards better efficiency. ...Understanding the implications of urban driving conditions on fuel economy will allow for strategic application of key technologies such as cylinder deactivation in the efforts towards better efficiency.