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This work investigated the mechanism of oil dilution by post injection to remove accumulated particulate matter on the diesel particulate filter of diesel engines. We developed a model to simulate post injection spray under low ambient gas pressure conditions. The model can predict the quantity of fuel mass adhered on the cylinder wall. The adhered fuel enters oil sump through the piston ring and cause oil dilution. The fuel in diluted oil evaporates during normal engine operations. We focus on the mechanism of fuel evaporation from diluted oil. The effects of engine speed and oil temperature on the evaporation were investigated. The results showed that the fuel evaporation rate increases with increasing engine speed and oil temperature. Furthermore, we developed an empirical model to predict the fuel evaporation rate of diluted oil through regression analysis with measured data.

A method of mapping a sound field using sound quality metrics has been investigated with an aim of identifying noise sources based on their sound characters rather than traditional measures such as sound pressure level (SPL) and intensity. The method having 11 metrics was implemented in four different array applications, namely near-field acoustical holography, planar beamforming, spherical beamforming, and patch acoustical holography. The sound quality metrics (SQ) mapping was applied to diesel engine measurements as well as vehicle interior measurements. In both applications, there have been a number of attempts to identify impulsive noise sources and therefore in this investigation an impulsiveness metric was developed. The proposed metric was validated against ideal impulses as a function of impulse repetition frequency, amplitude and duration of impulses.

This paper proposes a new mixing-controlled, low temperature combustion (LTC) approach for high-speed direct injection (HSDI) diesel engines. The purpose of this approach is to avoid the excessively high pressure-rise rate (PRR) of premixed, kinetics-controlled LTC and to enable the low nitrogen oxides (NOx) combustion to operate over the wide speed and load range of the engine. To address the soot/noise trade-off at high load LTC operating conditions, the pressure modulated multiple-injection coupled with swirl control was applied. This injection strategy enables the injection of high pressure (HP) main spray into the local high temperature region of the already burning low pressure (LP) pilot spray injected from the neighboring injection hole. By employing this injection strategy, the equivalence ratio (φ) distribution of mixture is drastically varied during main combustion processes.

In order to clarify future automobile technologies and fuel qualities to improve air quality, second phase of Japan Clean Air Program (JCAPII) had been conducted from 2002 to 2007. Predicting improvement in air quality that might be attained by introducing new emission control technologies and determining fuel qualities required for the technologies is one of the main issues of this program. Unregulated material WG of JCAPII had studied unregulated emissions from gasoline and diesel engines. Eight gaseous hydrocarbons (HC), four Aldehydes and three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated as unregulated emissions. Specifically, emissions of the following components were measured: 1,3-Butadiene, Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, Ethylbenzene, 1,3,5-Trimethyl-benzene, n-Hexane, Styrene as gaseous HCs, Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Acrolein, Benzaldehyde as Aldehydes, and Benzo(a)pyrene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene as PAHs.

Diesel emissions are significant issue worldwide, and emissions requirements have become so tough that. the application of after-treatment systems is now indispensable in many countries To meet even more stringent future emissions requirements, it has become apparent that the improvement of market fuel quality is essential as well as the development in engine and exhaust after-treatment technology. Japan Clean Air Program II (JCAP II) is being conducted to assess the direction of future technologies through the evaluation of current automobile and fuel technologies and consequently to realize near zero emissions and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction. In this program, effects of fuel properties on the performance of diesel engines and a vehicle equipped with two types of diesel NOx emission after-treatment devices, a Urea-SCR system and a NOx storage reduction (NSR) catalyst system, were examined.

A prototype CNG engine for heavy-duty trucks has been developed. The engine had sufficient output in practical use, and the green-house gas emission rate was below that of the base diesel engine. Furthermore, the NOx emission rate was reduced to 0.16 g/kWh in the JE05 mode as results of having fully adjusted air fuel ratio control. The measured emission characteristics of particles from the prototype CNG engine demonstrated that oil consumption was related to the number of particles. Moreover, when oil consumption is at an appropriate level, the accumulation mode particles are significantly reduced, and the nuclei mode particles are fewer than those of diesel-fueled engines.

Emission regulations for diesel-powered vehicles have been gradually tightening. Installation of after-treatment devices such as diesel particulate filters (DPF), NOx storage reduction (NSR) catalysts, and so on is indispensable to satisfy rigorous limits of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Japan Clean Air Program II Oil Working Group (JCAPII Oil WG) has been investigating the effect of engine oil on advanced diesel after-treatment devices. First of all, we researched the impact of oil-derived ash on continuous regeneration-type diesel particulate filter (CR-DPF), and already reported that the less sulfated ash in oil gave rise to lower pressure drop across CR-DPF [1]. In this paper, impact of oil-derived sulfur and phosphorus on NSR catalyst was investigated using a 4L direct injection common-rail diesel engine with turbo-intercooler. This engine equipped with NSR catalyst meets the Japanese new short-term emission regulations.

For the better understanding of nanoparticles observed on the rode side, adding to the emission test on the chassis dynamometer and engine dynamometer test, possible factors for formation of nanoparticles are investigated. As other possible factors, cold starting of transient test cycle, blow-by gas from heavy duty diesel engine without a positive crankcase ventilation, exhaust braking, and plume mixing of vehicle exhausts were investigated. Nuclei mode particles under the transient test cycles formed during fuel cut period, fuel enrichment period and idling period. Concentration of nuclei mode particles during the idling period are depends on exhaust temperature. The higher exhaust temperature courses the lower number concentration but variation range is within twice. Emission rate of nanoparticles from blow-by gas is one thousandth of tail pipe emissions rate and was found to be negligible.

Impact of oil-derived ash on the pressure drop of continuous regeneration-type diesel particulate filter (CR-DPF) was investigated through 600hrs running test at maximum power point on a 6.9L diesel engine, which meets the Japanese long-term emission regulations enacted in 1998, using approximately 50ppm sulfur content fuel. Sulfated ash content of test oils were varied as 0.96, 1.31, and 1.70 mass%, respectively. During the running test, the exhaust pressure drop through CR-DPF was measured. And after the test, the ventilation resistance through CR-DPF was also evaluated before and after the baking process, which was applied to eliminate the effect of soot accumulated in CR-DPF. The results revealed that the less sulfated ash in oil gave rise to lower pressure drop across CR-DPF. According to microscope examination of the baked DPF, ash was mainly accumulated on the wall surface of CR-DPF, and that seemed to be related to the magnitude of pressure drop caused by ash.

Four urea SCR systems were developed and evaluated on a C/D and on the road to investigate their potential for Japanese emission regulations in 2005 and beyond. Test results showed that NOx conversion ratios were 50 to 70% during the Japanese D13 mode cycle, and the ratios under the transient driving cycle were lower than those tested during a steady state. Unregulated emissions, such as benzene, aldehyde and benzo[a]pyrene, existed either at a trace level using the oxidation catalyst, or lower than a base diesel engine, when no oxidation catalyst was used. The health effects of particulate matter emitted from the SCR system were almost the same as those from conventional diesel engines, as evaluated by the Ames test and in vitro micronucleus test. Thermal degradation products, such as cyanuric acid and melamine, were two to four figures lower compared with the toxicological information of Safety Information Resources Inc. (SIRI).

In this research, a test apparatus (VPT-HFRR) for evaluating lubricity was manufactured at an arbitrary pressure according to the lubricity test method (HFRR) for diesel fuel. The lubricity of LPG blended fuel (LBF) for diesel engines was examined using VPT-HFRR., This was a value close to that of diesel fuel, and when a suitable lubricity had been maintained, it was checked. Prototype trucks were manufactured and their durability was examined. After a run of 70,000km or more, no serious trouble had occurred, and when LBF was maintained at a suitable lubricity, it was checked.

Fuels of wide range of density and viscosity were tested by using a DI diesel engine that conforms to present Japanese regulations. A total of 9 fuels was tested. Six test fuels were commercial automotive diesel fuel available in Japan. In order to expand the density range, test fuels of kerosene, high-density diesel fuel and automotive diesel fuel in Singapore were also included. The density range was 0.796 to 0.856 (g/cm3), and the viscosity range was 1.52 to 5.44 (mm2/s). The test mode was Japanese D13. Also, some fuels were tested by the Japanese transient test mode. Moreover, fuel spray was observed by an optical method to clarify the relationship between viscosity and Sauter mean diameter.

A premixed charge compression ignition methanol engine targeting a drastic decrease in NOx emissions and a brake specific energy consumption equivalent to that of a DI diesel engine has been developed (1). The problems of this combustion system are that the brake thermal efficiency decreases, and CO and THC emissions increase due to a deterioration of high load combustion. The purpose of this study is to improve the high load combustion of a premixed charge compression ignition methanol engine using a flash boiling fuel injection technique. The results of this study have shown that the premixed charge compression ignition methanol combustion system using a flash boiling fuel injection technique increases the brake thermal efficiency, decreases CO and THC emissions, while maintaining low NOx emissions in the high load region.

A new combustion system targeting a drastic decrease in NOx emission and a brake specific energy consumption equivalent to that of a DI diesel engine has been developed. In this new combustion system, a lean burn system using early injection was employed to reduce NOx emission and an auto-ignition DI engine system was employed to achieve the low energy consumption. Methanol was used as the fuel for reducing NOx emission. The objective of this study is to clarify the possibility of the system for the auto-ignition of a premixed lean mixture of methanol fuel. This study shows that the gas temperature at ignition, Tig, is the predominant factor affecting auto-ignition. Auto-ignition occurs when Tig exceeds approximately 1000K. The methanol lean burn system in an auto-ignition DI engine drastically decreased NOx emission with almost the same brake specific energy consumption as a diesel engine in the middle load region.

Thermal fatigue tests were conducted to find how material properties, operating temperature and initial mechanical stress caused by press fitting of valve seat inserts etc. influence on thermal fatigue cracks of cast iron cylinder heads by means of a simulation test at mainly 100°C. = 350°C cycles. These tests revealed that the reduction in initial stresses and improvement of tensile strength of material at room temperature are very effective to improve thermal fatigue resistance. And a new cast iron cylinder head material with high thermal fatigue resistance for heavy duty diesel engines has been successfully developed, utilizing the results of casting experiments by means of experiment design, L16(2[ILLEGIBLE]). High reliability of new cast iron cylinder heads has been confirmed by accelerated durability bench tests.

Turbocharged diesel engines prevail not only in the European and American markets, but in the Japanese market. But many problems due to higher brake mean pressure have not been cleared especially in the field of reliability and durability. Torsional vibration is one of remained problems and particularly, on the occasion of low temperature, dynamic behavior of crankshaft and torsional damper has been unknown heretofore. Furthermore, combustion pressure which is exciting force for torsional vibration has not been grasped in detail. Therefore, this paper deals with experimental studies which were conducted in a special cold test ceil using a turbocharged diesel engine for automotive use installed with rubber damper. It has been found that torsional vibration of crankshaft gets bigger at low temperature than at normal temperature. On the contrary, distortion of damper rubber shows nearly zero. This is because stiffness of damper rubber becomes higher due to low temperature.

Development status of small direct Injection diesel engine at Isuzu Motors Ltd. is reviewed. There is much difficulty in combustion optimization of small DI engines, due to small combustion chamber volume, large surface to volume ratio, wide engine speed range and so on, Novel ideas in the area of injection system, combustion chamber and induction swirl were tried to solve these problems and their effects are presented here. Our prototype DI engines which adopted some of these ideas has turned out to have better fuel economy by about 15 percent, 2-3 dB(A) higher noise level than IDI and almost the same power output performance as IDI. As to exhaust emissions, they have a possibility to conform to ′86 California emission standards, in inertia weight classes up to 2625 LBS. The remaining problem areas are noise emission, durability of injection pump and cabin heater performance.

This paper is the part II of the report of IDIS (Isuzu Dual Fuel Injection System) IDIS was applied to 5.8 liter L-6 DI diesel engine. The outlines of improved and simplified system, rate of alcohol blend, exhaust emission and performance of the engine were shown in the case of methanol blend as well as ethanol blend. For preventing the torque deviation just after start and end of alcohol blend caused by difference of calorific values between alcohol and diesel fuel, improved system with additional check valve was developed. It was confirmed that replacement of about 30% of diesel fuel by alcohol was possible without any fundamental problems. Basically no modification of the engine was required except the adoptions of new fuel tank and fuel line with low pressure pump for alcohol, some check valves and magnetic valves, a microswitch on the fuel lever and the new delivery valves with increased retraction volume.

The diesel engine with a electronic control system which has been used in production passenger cars in Isuzu shows great advantages such as fuel economy, idle noise, cold startability and output performance by the help of the new commet V combustion chamber design. The new combustion chamber which differs in shape and throat area from the conventional commet V has been developed to be well matched to the electronic control system. The passenger car equipped with the electronic control diesel engine mentioned above provides the following four additional advantages: 1. Good acceleration response 2. Idle speed control which is affected by engine coolant temperature, on-off of the air conditioning compressor and battery voltage 3. Cruise control 4. Self-diagnostic system

From a view point of environment protection and energy saving on the world-wide basis low pollution, quieter and light-weight direct injection diesel engines for automotive use have been strongly requested. In order to meet these social requirements we have endeavoured to develop design methods for such engines available at the design stage. Firstly, we have clarified relationship between vibration and radiated noise using simple 2 cylinder block model (1). Secondary, we have successfully developed light-weight, better fuel economy and quieter multi-cylinder research engines which have potential to be able to meet more stringent legislative standards for noise and gas emissions to be expected in the late 80’s. This paper summarises mainly the process to develop multicylinder engine to be lighter and quieter and also refers to the effects compared to current ones.