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On the International Space Station (ISS), humidity condensate will be collected from the atmosphere and treated by multifiltration to produce potable water for use by the crews. Ground-based development tests have demonstrated that multifiltration beds filled with a series of ion-exchange resins and activated carbons can remove many inorganic and organic contaminants effectively from wastewaters. As a precursor to the use of this technology on the ISS, a demonstration of multifiltration treatment under microgravity conditions was undertaken. On the Space Shuttle, humidity condensate from cabin air is recovered in the atmosphere revitalization system, then stored and periodically vented to space vacuum. A Shuttle Condensate Adsorption Device (SCAD) containing sorbent materials similar to those planned for use on the ISS was developed and flown on STS-68 as a continuation of DSO 317, which was flown initially on STS-45 and STS-47.

A computer interfaced instrument designed to quantify ammonia and other nitrogenous species that are important regenerative life support water quality parameters is described in this paper. Measurements can be made either discretely by Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) or continuously using a split stream from a process flow. The monitor exhibits a predictable quadratic response for ammonia injections between 10 μg/L to 20 mg/L with a response time less than six minutes. A full description of the ammonia monitor's response to a variety of challenge solutions including real sewage treatment plant effluent is given. In addition, the response time characteristics, the effects of temperature, and interferences are described.

Unibeds®* are multimedia layered sorption beds baselined for use in the Space Station Freedom (SSF) water reclamation system. Unibeds® must be sterilized prior to use to avoid the introduction of bacteria into the water reclamation system when the Unibeds® are routinely changed out. In the past, Unibeds® were autoclaved in an attempt to achieve sterility. Some sorbent media used in the Unibeds® decompose when exposed to high temperatures for extended periods. Although no significant sorbent decomposition occurs during the routine autoclave time of 30 minutes, it is uncertain whether sufficient sterilization temperatures are achieved at the Unibed® core. Gamma irradiation has been evaluated as a practical alternative method to achieve sterility and eliminate possible sorbent thermal degradation. Sorbent media were inoculated with irradiation resistant spores (106 CFU/ML) of bacterium Bacillus pumilus and subsequently exposed to radiation doses of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 megarads (Mrad).

A breadboard Electrochemical Water Recovery System (EWRS) that is designed to produce potable water from a composite waste stream without the use of expendables is described in this paper. Umpqua Research Company working together with NASA/JSC developed a sequential three-step process to accomplish this task. Electrolysis removes approximately 60% of the organic contaminants from ersatz composite waste water containing a total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of 707 mg/L. The contaminants in this solution consist of organic and inorganic impurities common to laundry, shower, handwash, and urine waste water. Useful gases and organic acids are the chief by-products of the first step. The partially oxidized electrolysis solution is then transferred to the electrodialysis process where ionized organic and inorganic species are concentrated into a brine. The deionized solution of recovered water contains ∼6% of the original organic contaminants and >90% of the original water.

The Microbial Check Valve (MCV) is a reloadable flow-through canister containing iodinated ion exchange resin, which is used aboard the Shuttle Orbiter as a disinfectant to maintain water potability. The MCV exhibits a significant contact kill and imparts a biocidal residual I2 concentration to the effluent. MCVs in current use have nominal 30 day lives. MCVs baselined for Space Station Freedom will have 90 day lives, and will require replacement 120 times over 30 years. Means to extend MCV life are desirable to minimize resupply penalties. New technology has been developed for fully autonomous in situ regeneration of an expended MCV canister. The Regenerative Microbial Check Valve (RMCV) consists of an MCV, a packed bed of crystalline I2, a flow diverter valve, an in-line iodine monitor and a microcontroller. During regeneration, flow is directed first through the packed I2 bed and then into the MCV where the resin is replenished.

The Microbial Check Valve (MCV) is a canister containing an iodinated ion exchange resin and is used on the Shuttle Orbiter to provide microbial control of potable water. The MCV provides a significant contact kill, and imparts a biocidal iodine residual to the water. The Orbiter MCV has a design life of 30 days. For longer duration applications, such as Space Station Freedom, an extended life is desirable to avoid resupply penalties. A method of in situ MCV regeneration with elemental iodine is being developed. During regeneration water en route to the MCV first passes through a crystalline iodine bed where a concentration between 200 - 300 mg/L I2 is attained. When introduced into the MCV, this high concentration causes an equilibrium shift towards iodine loading, effecting regeneration of the resin. After regeneration normal flow is re-established. Life cycle regeneration testing is currently in progress.

A significant decline in molecular iodine concentration is associated with the iodination of heavily contaminant-laden process water streams such as humidity condensate and urine distillate. Iodine loss is attributable to the reaction of this biocide with organic constituents. This phenomenon has been investigated using time resolved molecular absorption spectrophotometry of iodinated ersatz humidity condensates and iodinated ersatz urine distillates across the ultraviolet and visible spectral regions. Rates of iodine loss have also been studied using single contaminant systems at equivalent concentrations. The predominant reactive species have been identified as thiourea and formic acid. Pseudo-first order rate constants have been determined for ersatz contaminant model mixtures and for individual reactive constituents. Second order rate constants have been determined for the bimolecular reaction of iodine and formic acid.

Removal of low-molecular weight, polar, non-ionic contaminants such as urea and alcohols from aqueous solution is being accomplished using immobilized enzyme technology. Immobilized urease is used to catalyze urea hydrolysis for subsequent removal as ammonia. An alcohol oxidase enzyme-based catalyst is used to catalyze oxidation of alcohols, aldehydes, and similar compounds to organic acids, which are removed by ion exchange. Fixed bed reactors were successfully developed and delivered to NASA-MSFC for a segment of the Phase III Core Module Integrated Facility (CMIF) Water Recovery Test. Wastewater generated in the End-use Equipment Facility (EEF) was purified using a combination of Multifiltration Unibeds and Enzyme Unibeds. The enzyme beds effectively removed the targeted organics to levels below detection limits (<100-400 ppb). Also, based on the amount of TOC removed, the enzyme beds removed unidentified organic contaminants beyond those specifically targeted.

The Microbial Check Valve (MCV) is used on the Space Shuttle to impart an iodine residual to the drinking water to maintain microbial control. Approximately twenty MCV locations have been identified in the Space Station Freedom design, each with a 90 day life. This translates to 2400 replacement units in 30 years of operation. An in situ regeneration concept has been demonstrated that will reduce this replacement requirement to less than 300 units based on data to date and potentially fewer as further regenerations are accomplished. A totally automated system will result in significant savings in crew time, resupply requirements and replacement costs. An additional feature of the device is the ability to provide a concentrated biocide source (200 mg/liter of I2) that can be used to superiodinate systems routinely or after a microbial upset. This program was accomplished under NASA Contract Number NAS9-18113.

A cyclic two-step process is described which forms the basis for a simple and highly efficient air purification technology. Low molecular weight organic vapors are removed from contaminated airstreams by passage through an optimized sequence of sorbent media layers. The contaminant loaded sorbents are subsequently regenerated by thermal desorption into a low volume inert gas environment. A mixture of airborne organic contaminants consisting of acetone, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, Freon-113 and methyl chloroform has been quantitatively removed from breathing quality air using this technique. The airborne concentrations of all contaminants have been reduced from initial Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentration (SMAC) levels to below the analytical limits of detection. No change in sorption efficiency was observed through multiple cycles of contaminant loading and sorbent regeneration via thermal desorption.

The baseline hygiene water reclamation system for Space Station Freedom has been changed from Reverse Osmosis with Multifiltration post-treatment to stand-alone Multifiltration. The Multifiltration concept offers increased system reliability, a decrease in power consumption, and essentially 100% water recovery. Multifiltration is based on well documented sorption technology for removal of contaminant species. System complexity is minimal. Moving parts are limited to one pump and simple valving. Reliable microbial control is obtained by heat sterilization and by the use of iodine as a bactericide. Iodine addition is accomplished in the Unibeds with an iodinated resin which is also used in the Microbial Check Valve (MCV). Microbial Check Valves have proven reliable and effective on board the Space Shuttle since the beginning of the Shuttle program. Power consumption is primarily attributed to heat sterilization. The energy required for the pump and controls is relatively low.

The thermal pretreatment of waste hygiene water was investigated as an approach to reduce the amount of energy required to maintain overall system microbial control. The study was conducted in two phases. The laboratory phase was a series of experiments to quantify the degree of microbial population reduction obtained when hygiene waste water and humidity condensate are heated through various thermal cycles. The laboratory phase also included inoculation of the combined wastewater with a thermophilic bacteria to provide a “worst-case” challenge of the thermal cycle being tested. The large scale system phase determined biofilm formation on the surfaces of a variety of materials with and without thermal cycling. Except for survival of the challenge thermophile and some naturally present thermophiles, thermal treatment above 85° C was successful in eradication of the microbial population in the combined hygiene wastewater and formed biofilms.