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The global transportation industry, and road freight in particular, faces formidable challenges in reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions; both Europe and the US have already enabled legislation with CO2 / GHG reduction targets. In Europe, targets are set on a fleet level basis: a CO2 baseline has already been established using Heavy Duty Vehicle (HDV) data collected and analyzed by the European Environment Agency (EEA) in 2019/2020. This baseline data has been published as the reference for the required CO2 reductions. More recently, the EU has proposed a Zero Emissions Vehicle definition of 3g CO2/t-km. The Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV) designation is expected to be key to a number of market instruments that improve the economics and practicality of hydrogen trucks. This paper assesses the permissible amount of carbon-based fuel in hydrogen fueled vehicles – the Pilot Energy Ratio (PER) – for each regulated subgroup of HDVs in the baseline data set.

SAE J3108 RP provides fuel and hazard guidance for first and second responders of incidents associated with alternative fueled vehicles. The intent of this SAE J3108-1 RP is to remain with the limited number of seven intuitive and colored letters contained in each of the first two letter positions (72=49). However, the use of four letters plus nine digits (to not use either 0 or o) permits up to 1185921 unique identifiers (334) for future expansion. The RP is not intended to replace the standards for SAE J2990 format emergency response guide (ERG) created by automotive manufacturers for use at the scene of an emergency. Automotive OEMs are encouraged to reference this RP for industry design guidance when creating vehicle requirements and ERGs. This coding should be consistent with other vehicle badging with the goal of providing additional clarity.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the minimum requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during icing conditions on the ground. This document does not specify the requirements for particular aircraft models.NOTE: Refer to particular aircraft operator or aircraft manufacturer’s published manuals and procedures.The application of the procedures specified in this document are intended to effectively remove and/or prevent the accumulation of frost, snow, slush, or ice contamination which can seriously affect the aerodynamic performance and/or the controllability of an aircraft. The principal method of treatment employed is the use of fluids qualified to AMS1424 (Type I fluid) and AMS1428 (Type II, III, and IV fluids).All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents.

This SAE Recommend Practice establishes for passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles with GVW of 4500 kg (10000 pounds) or less, as defined by EPA, and M1 category vehicles as defined by the European Commission:Minimum performance standards for defrosting and demisting systems.Test procedures that can be conducted on uniform test equipment by commercially available laboratory facilities.This procedure may be used to develop or to validate a defrosting and defogging system.

This document covers the general physical, electrical, functional, testing, and performance requirements for conductive power transfer, primarily for vehicles using a conductive ACD connection capable of transferring DC power. It defines conductive power transfer methods, including the infrastructure electrical contact interface, the vehicle connection interface, the electrical characteristics of the DC supply, and the communication system. It also covers the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle connection interface and supply equipment interface. New editions of the documents shall be backwards compatible with the older editions. There are also sub-documents which are identified by a SAE J3105/1, SAE J3105/2, and SAE J3105/3. These will be specific requirements for a specific interface defined in the sub-document.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS)/Minimum Operational Performance Specification (MOPS) specifies the minimum performance requirements of Remote On-Ground Ice Detection Systems (ROGIDS). These systems are ground-based. They provide information that indicates whether frozen contamination is present on aircraft surfaces. Section 1 provides information required to understand the need for the ROGIDS, ROGIDS characteristics, and tests that are defined in subsequent sections. It describes typical ROGIDS applications and operational objectives and is the basis for the performance criteria stated in Section 3 through Section 5. Section 2 provides reference information, including related documents, abbreviations, and definitions. Section 3 contains general design requirements for the ROGIDS. Section 4 contains the Minimum Operational Performance Requirements for the ROGIDS, which define performance in icing conditions likely to be encountered during ground operations.

The SAE AE-5CH Taskgroup has determined that high flow liquid hydrogen fueling couplings need to be developed in order to fast fill aircraft at the airport. Though the flow rates from a current liquid hydrogen bayonet connect may reach the lower bound flow rates of regional aircraft, there are some shortcomings to this connector for aerospace. For this reason a new specification for flow rates for regional to narrowbody (and potentially later widebody) are to be developed in this documenet. Harmonization for lower flow rates (such as up to 20kg/minute) are planned to be harmonized with ground vehicle fueling such as with ISO 13984. Within this document,coupling descriptions including Flow rates from 84 to 200 kg/minute will be evaluated (and potentially higher), and requirements and testing and safety targets will be specified.

Low temperature combustion (LTC) modes are among the advanced combustion technologies which offer thermal efficiencies comparable to conventional diesel combustion and produce ultra-low NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions. However, combustion timing control, excessive pressure rise rate and high cyclic variations are the common challenges encountered by the LTC modes. These challenges can be addressed by developing model-based control framework for the LTC engine. In the current study, in-cylinder pressure data for dual-fuel LTC engine operation is analyzed for 636 different operating conditions and the heat release rate (HRR) traces are classified into three distinct classes based on their distinct shapes. These classes are named as Type-1, Type-2 and Type-3, respectively.

A numerical investigation of a six-stroke direct injection compression ignition engine operation in a low temperature combustion (LTC) regime is presented. The fuel employed is a gasoline-like oxygenated fuel consisting of 90% isobutanol and 10% diethyl ether (DEE) by volume to match the reactivity of conventional gasoline with octane number 87. The computational simulations of the in-cylinder processes were performed using a high-fidelity multidimensional in-house 3D CFD code (MTU-MRNT) with improved spray-sub models and CHEMKIN library. The combustion chemistry was described using a two-component (isobutanol and DEE) fuel model whose oxidation pathways were given by a reaction mechanism with 177 species and 796 reactions.

Eco Approach and Departure (Eco-AnD) is a Connected Automated Vehicle (CAV) technology aiming to reduce energy consumption for crossing a signalized intersection or set of intersections in a corridor that features vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication capability. This research focuses on developing a Dynamic Programming (DP) based algorithm for a PHEV operating in Charge Depleting mode. The algorithm used the Reduced Order Energy Model (ROM) to capture the vehicle powertrain characteristics and road grade to capture the road dynamics. The simulation results are presented for a real-world intersection and 20-25% energy benefits are shown by comparing against a simulated human driver speed profile. The vehicle-level validation of the developed algorithm is carried out by performing closed-course track testing of the optimized speed solutions on a real CAV vehicle.

Hydrogen exhibits the notable attribute of lacking carbon dioxide emissions when used in internal combustion engines. Nevertheless, hydrogen has a very low energy density per unit volume, along with large emissions of nitrogen oxides and the potential for backfire. Thus, stratified charge combustion (SCC) is used to reduce nitrogen oxides and increase engine efficiency. Although SCC has the capacity to expand the lean limit, the stability of combustion is influenced by the mixture formation time (MFT), which determines the equivalence ratio. Therefore, quantifying the equivalence ratio under different MFT is critical since it determines combustion characteristics. This study investigates the viability of using a Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for measuring the jet equivalence ratio. Furthermore, study was conducted to analyze the effect of MFT and the double injection parameter, namely the dwell time and split ratio, on the equivalence ratio.

This research investigates the energy savings achieved through eco-driving controls in connected and automated vehicles (CAVs), with a specific focus on the influence of powertrain characteristics. Eco-driving strategies have emerged as a promising approach to enhance efficiency and reduce environmental impact in CAVs. However, uncertainty remains about how the optimal strategy developed for a specific CAV applies to CAVs with different powertrain technologies, particularly concerning energy aspects. To address this gap, on-track demonstrations were conducted using a Chrysler Pacifica CAV equipped with an internal combustion engine (ICE), advanced sensors, and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication systems, compared with another CAV, a previously studied Chevrolet Bolt electric vehicle (EV) equipped with an electric motor and battery.

This paper presents a methodology to optimize the blending of charge-depleting (CD) and charge-sustaining (CS) modes in a multi-mode plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). The objective of the optimization is to best utilize onboard energy for minimum overall energy consumption based on speed and elevation profile. The optimization reduces overall energy consumption when the selected route cannot be completely driven in all-electric mode. The optimization method splits drive cycles into constant distance segments and then uses a reduced-order model to sort the segments by the best use of battery energy vs. fuel energy. The PHEV used in this investigation is the Stellantis Pacifica. Results support energy savings up to 20% which depend on the route and initial battery State of Charge (SOC). Initial optimization takes 1 second for 38 km and 3 seconds for 154 km.

This paper details testing for torque converter clutch (TCC) characterization during steady state and dynamic operation under controlled slip conditions on a dynamometer setup. The subject torque converter under test is a twin plate clutch with a dual stage turbine damper without a centrifugal pendulum absorber. An overview is provided of the dynamometer setup, hydraulic system and control techniques for regulating the apply pressure to the torque converter and clutch. To quantify the performance of the clutch in terms of control stability, pressure to torque relationship and the dynamic behavior during apply and release, a matrix of oil temperatures, output speeds, input torques, and clutch apply pressures were imposed upon the torque converter.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the requirements for heat cured solid film lubricants. For other general or high temperature applications, refer to AS1701. This document requires qualified products.

This document aims to define the procurement requirements for helical coil threaded inserts manufactured from corrosion-resistant steel formed wire, with the chemical composition aligning with UNS S21800. It will enable insert manufacturers to adhere to specific standards to meet the criteria outlined in this procurement specification.

The turbine-engine-inlet flow distortion descriptors summarized in this document apply to the effects of inlet total-pressure, planar-wave, and total-temperature distortions. Guidelines on stability margin, destabilizing influences, types and purposes of inlet data, AIP definition, and data acquisition and handling are summarized from AIR5866, AIR5867, ARP1420, and AIR1419. The degree to which these recommendations are applied to a specific program should be consistent with the complexity of the inlet/engine integration. Total-pressure distortion is often the predominant destabilizing element that is encountered and is often the only type of distortion to be considered, i.e, not all types of distortion need to be considered for all vehicles.

The definitions and illustrations in this SAE Recommended Practice are intended to establish common nomenclature and terminology for automotive transmission one-way clutches.

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform procedures for testing battery electric vehicles (BEVs) which are capable of being operated on public and private roads. The procedure applies only to vehicles using batteries as their sole source of power. It is the intent of this document to provide standard tests which will allow for the determination of energy consumption and range for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) based on the federal emission test procedure (FTP) using the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) and the highway fuel economy driving schedule (HFEDS) and provide a flexible testing methodology that is capable of accommodating additional test cycles as needed. Additionally, this SAE Recommended Practice provides five-cycle testing guidelines for vehicles performing supplementary testing on the US06, SC03, and cold FTP procedure. Realistic alternatives should be allowed for new technology.

This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of automotive gear lubricants in rheological terms only. Other lubricant characteristics are not considered.