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Several governments are increasing the blending mandate of renewable fuels to reduce the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of the road transport sector. Currently, ethanol is a prominent renewable fuel and is used in low-level blends, such as E10 (10 %v/v ethanol, 90 %v/v gasoline) in many parts of the world. However, the exact concentration of ethanol amongst other renewable fuel components in commercially available fuels can vary and is not known. To understand the impact of the renewable fuel content on the emissions from Euro 6d-TEMP emissions specification vehicles, this paper examines the real-driving emissions (RDE) from four 2020 to 2022 model-year vehicles run on E0 and E10 fuels. CO, CO2, NO, and NO2 were measured through a Portable Emissions Measuring System (PEMS).

Forthcoming worldwide emissions regulations will start regulating ammonia emissions from light duty vehicles. At present, most light duty vehicles are powered by gasoline spark ignition engines. Sources of ammonia emission from such engines can be in-cylinder reactions (i.e. combustion) or downstream reactions across aftertreatment devices, particularly three-way catalysts. The latter has been known to be a major source of ammonia emissions from gasoline vehicles and has been extensively investigated. The former (combustion), less so, and thus is the subject of this work. A two-zone thermodynamic spark ignition engine model with a comprehensive chemical kinetics framework (C3MechV3.3 mechanism), after being validated against experimental ammonia emissions data, is used to study ammonia formation during combustion.