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The primary function of an automotive horn is to alert pedestrians and other nearby vehicles to their safe passage on the road. Most of the human population is subjected to a certain amount of horn sound dosage daily. The study of automotive horn sound quality is equally important as their sound generation mechanism in passenger cars. The sound quality of automotive horns can be studied through subjective and objective test methods. In the present study, a subjective jury test and objective analysis using psychoacoustic parameters are conducted to classify car horn sound samples according to pleasantness. Twenty-two car horns, consisting of a disc and shell, are chosen for binaural sound recording. The recorded sound samples are used for subjective and objective analysis. Thirty members participated in the jury test, and a semantic differential method was used to collect the user response. The Tukey range test is used to classify the subjective test data.

“The purpose of this study is to explore the structural behavior of motorcycle frames that are fabricated from metals such as steel and aluminum, and that are welded together to generate beams. The components of the wheel, handlebar, and saddle are assembled together to form the chassis of the bicycle. For the purpose of determining modal characteristics such natural frequencies and mode shapes, two different analytical approaches, namely finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental modal analysis (EMA), were utilized. The framework of the chassis was design in 3D using CAD software to carry out the FEA, and after specifying the meshing type and material parameters, normal mode analysis was carried out. To contrast modal characteristics with FEA results, EMA utilized impact hammer testing with a roving accelerometer approach.

Lithium (Li)-based batteries have wide applications in the everyday gadgets. Li-based batteries have prominent usage in the automotive sector. All the major OEMs for manufacturing hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) use only Li batteries and are still going to continue for the next decades. However, during the operation of these batteries, they are susceptible to environmental and battery factors. The amount of charge currently taken in or out influences the internal resistance and temperature of the battery. Therefore, the amount of heat generated by the Li-ion batteries during operation is critical for designing a cost-effective and efficient thermal management system (TMS) for HEVs and EVs.

Turning is a widely used manufacturing process in mechanical machining industries, while the cost associated with this process is high due to the cost involved in changing tools or tool regrinding. All the parameters of turning, like feed rate, cutting speed, and depth of cut, substantially impact the tool wear, which subsequently reduces tool life. Cooling methods like flooding, Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL), etc., are incorporated to minimise these effects on the tool and workpiece interface. When using these cooling techniques, the process parameters involved play vital roles in increasing the effectiveness. This paper focuses on the effects of machining parameters on the tool and the workpiece quality. Experiments were conducted to study the impact of various input parameters of the turning process on the tool tip temperature, cutting forces, and tool wear, ultimately affecting the tool's life.

The increased use of electronic systems has become a severe concern for electromagnetic pollution, leading to the development of materials to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI). The present study investigated the EMI-shielding effectiveness (EMI-SE) of flax fiber polymer composite (FFC) in the available free space method by varying the wt.% of Rice husk ash (RHA) and hematite. The flax fiber was coated with the dip coating technique, and the coated fibers were used for preparing FFC by hand layup. The EMI-SE was measured at 32-33.5 dB in the X-band frequency range (8-12 GHz). As the cost is low and can be mass-produced, results show that the developed FFC are suitable for electric vehicle applications specifically to shield Electronic control units (ECU), where the interference effect needs to be reduced.

The research aims to optimize the surface roughness, material removal rate (MRR), tool wear, and spark gap for input machining parameters such as Pulse on-off time and wire feed rate. The experiment results of WEDM of Duplex stainless steel are optimized by ANOVA and Response surface methodology (RSM) approach. Taguchi’s orthogonal array L9 (3*3) was used to design the test condition for the experiment. After the model validation, ANOVA was used to identify the most significant input factor on the output. Response surface methodology was used to find the ideal cutting conditions which produce the best-desired output in terms of less tool wear, lower surface roughness, lower spark gap, and higher material removal rate. The optimal MRR, Spark Gap, surface roughness, and tool wear parameters for Duplex Stainless Steel are obtained at Pulse on 110.23, Pulse off time of 56.0, and a wire feed rate of 1.0.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are self-contained vehicles equipped with control systems to execute various tasks. The Lane Departure Warning (LDW) system is widely employed to prevent the most common cause of vehicle collisions. An autonomous lane-departure system will aid and reduce such collisions. When the vehicle is at risk of drifting or departing its lane, the LDW system monitors its relative position to the lane edge and sends an alarming warning signal to the driver. This work uses an ML-based technique to detect lane markers in an Indian context using a high-resolution camera mounted on the car. Considering that, the LDW system requires three primary operations. The camera geometry information is used to divide the acquired image into two parts: a road part and a non-road component. Then, to circumvent the obstacles caused by the perspective effect, inverse perspective mapping is applied.

The cross flow design of a radiator and its heat transfer and temperature drop was simulated then validated by using a data acquisition system during both static and dynamic running conditions of a Formula SAE car. The data acquisition system simulated and validated the radiator's cross flow design and heat transfer, as well as the temperature drop, under static and dynamic conditions in a car. The optimal radiator design determines the engine's operating temperature and the desired temperature drop gain through proper design of the inner core, number of fins and tubes, and radiator material. The purpose of a properly designed radiator is to prevent the combustion engine from heating up above its operating temperature [1]. The radiator's design is based on the operating temperature of the CBR 600RR engine. The highest temperature recorded was around 105°C, and in the worst case scenario, it can reach 110°C.

The final drivetrain ratio is an essential part of a vehicle. It is responsible for providing the desired torque to overcome obstacles while maintaining the speed and acceleration of a vehicle. A vehicle must have an optimum gear ratio to obtain the desired velocity and acceleration. To achieve this, four different approaches were used considering the input parameters of a BAJA All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV). The traction received from the ground is calculated and plotted against velocity on different terrains. Further, a drivetrain was modeled in Simulink to obtain different parameters like vehicle speed, acceleration, and wheel slip. A range of gear ratios was obtained by following a similar trend of vehicle parameters that were best suited for improving vehicle performance. Graphs were plotted to compare the effect of various vehicle parameters, and an optimum gear ratio was obtained.

This paper describes the modelling and electromagnetic analysis of Permanent Magnet Brushed Direct Current (PMBDC) motor using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software packages. The designed motors referred in this analysis are fit for use in applications of the electronic throttle control and exhaust gas recirculation in automobiles. Performances of the designed PMBDC models are compared with the traditionally used machines. Three PMBDC models with different operating characteristics are proposed for the two applications. Each model is suitable for use in both applications. Cost analysis of the motors is also carried out, and comparison with the traditionally used machines is done.

Permanent magnet brushed DC (PMBDC) motors are mostly preferred in many automotive applications because of better power density and easier control. Five different automotive applications such as electric parking brake (EPB), power seat, power window, sunroof drive, and tire air pump are chosen and discussed in this paper. A step-by-step electromagnetic analysis is carried out for all the designed models. Low-cost ferrite-based magnets are used for cost reduction keeping the efficiency as high above 77% in all the models. Comparison on performance and cost are discussed in the conclusion section.

Design and simulation analysis of braking system for ATV is carried out with the assistance of Ansys and MATLAB. Heat generated increases the temperature of the disc brake at the rubbing surface resulting in thermal stresses in the components of the braking system. Static, structural, thermal, computational flow dynamics, vibrational & fatigue behavior of ventilated brake disc rotor, hub and upright are analyzed. Stainless Steel, SS-410 material configuration has been considered for disc brake rotor and results obtained are analyzed in terms of performance, longevity and efficiency. Braking efficiency and stopping distance curve are analyzed from their characteristics plot. Vibrational behavior, structural behavior, thermal behavior, performance efficiency, flow behavior of ventilated disc brake rotor can be easily depicted with respect to bump and droop during acceleration, high climb and maneuverability. Ventilated disc brake Rotor with outer diameter of 220 mm is used.

Sealing is one of the important components in the automotive and aerospace industry. The primary function of the lip seal is to protect contamination and retaining the lubricant. This investigation relates to a study of contact pressure existence on sealing structure between there mating region. Sealing for steering intermediate shaft should sustain sliding motion between shaft and seal as well as protection of lubricant from contamination and retention. Contact pressure analysis of Steering intermediate shaft with hyper elastic rubber seal is done at static condition using ABAQUS. Experiments were also conducted to check contact pressure between seal and shaft by using Fuji-pressure film sensor. The result from CAE analysis was compared with experimental data with 75% of the correlation with respect to CAE. This analysis of contact pressure helps to support on giving enough interference between seal and shaft which satisfies the need of sealing for an intermediate shaft.

The advances in computer applications have been increasing in the recent years. The applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the product design software, and the advancements in the Direct Digital Manufacturing (DDM) such as Additive Manufacturing have been leading the aerospace and automobile industries into the next level. AI assisted generative design helps the designers to reduce the weight of the structures without compensating the strength of the structures. The topology optimization is one of the subsets of the generative design which commonly used by the designers to design and redesign many components for weight reduction. This article studies the applications of topology optimization for an aerospace and an automobile components for design modification and weight reduction. The prototype of the optimized components are printed using FDM 3D printing for examining the shape optimization. The stress analyses of the components are analyzed using FEM.

Natural fibers are one of the major ways to improve environmental pollution. In this study experimental investigation and simulation of honeycomb filled with cotton fabric, wood dust and polyurethane were carried out. This study determines the potential use of cotton fabric, wood dust as good sound absorbers. Automotive industries are looking forward to materials that have good acoustic properties, lightweight, strong and economical. This study provides a better understanding of sound-absorbing material with other mechanical properties. With simulation and experimental results, validation of works provides a wider industrial application for the interior of automotive industries including marine, aviation, railway industry and many more.

A well-established method of surface roughness measurement is of stylus-based. The filtering effect of the stylus tip is the major lacuna of the process. So in the present study, a vision based 100% inspection procedure is proposed for the characterization of ground specimens. A CMOS camera, and monochromatic line laser source were used for capturing speckle line images of the ground specimens. Signal vectors were generated from each of the surface images of ground specimens using MATLAB software. On the other hand the roughness of the ground specimens, particularly the Arithmetic roughness average (Ra) & Arithmetic mean slope (Rda) were computed using a stylus instrument. It was found that standard deviation and kurtosis having good correlation with the image pixel intensity of the signal vectors with the correlation coefficient of 0.96 & 0.89 for Ra and 0.86 & 0.82 for Rda respectively.

Electric motor mounts resonate at high frequency in the range of 600 to 1000Hz with motor excitation frequency resulting in isolation performance deterioration. There is a selection process of motor mounts such that the force-transfer under transient torque reduced and also avoids high-frequency resonance. The rubber dynamic stiffness plays a significant role in excitation frequency. Rubber shape factor and compound directly contribute towards the dynamic stiffness properties of the mount. Isolation efficiency depends on force transfer to the body and resonance phenomenon. In this paper, the rubber shape of motor mounts, which affect progression characteristics as well as high-frequency resonance, is discussed. The wings-effect of rubber bushes discussed which can be tuned to get the desired frequency shift in order to avoid resonance.

The ground mobile robotics study is structured on the two pivotal members namely Sensor Perception and Motion Planning. Sensor perception or Exteroception comprises the ability of measurement of the layout of the environment relative to vehicle's frame of reference which is a necessity for the implementation of safe navigation towards the goal destination in an unstructured environment. Environment scanning has played a significant role in mobile robots application to investigate the unexplored environment in the sector of defence while transporting and handling material in warehouse and hospitals. Motion Planning is a conjunction of analyzing the sensor's information while being able to plan the route from starting point to the target destination. In this paper, a 3600 2-D LiDAR is used to capture the spatial information of the surrounding, the scanning results are presented in a local map and global map.

Collection of various data from sensed data or raw availability of data from transcript or interdependency of data from various sources is a tedious task in a real time scenario like an Indian context is considered. Planning to find a solution to collect the data from various vehicular devices about the information related to the pollution becomes a cumbersome job. The need of the data, under what time duration data has to be transmitted, how they are interconnected and whether data needs to be stored or how they are processed is a major question that arise when dealing with collecting data and internetworking with various vehicular devices. A study of two different types of approaches for internetworking between the devices is discussed. One related to real time setup of mobile application and other with the dynamic cluster approach when the nodes are moving in a region was considered.

Considerable weight of an automobile is constituted by the engine and there is scope for improvement in fuel efficiency and emission control through optimization of weight in the engine. In this work, AlSi10Mg alloy produced by the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) is suggested for engine application which is a lightweight aluminum alloy. Mechanical properties like tensile strength, compressive strength, and hardness of both cast and DMLS manufactured alloy are compared followed by analysis of SEM images of tensile test fractured surfaces. Reciprocating wear test is carried out for one lakh cycles at 125°C temperature with SAE 40 grade oil as lubricant. Co-efficient of friction (COF), wear rate of the cast and DMLS manufactured samples are compared. Wear patterns are analyzed using SEM images of the wear tracks.