Search Results

Abstract This study aims to explore the wear characteristics of fused deposition modeling (FDM) printed automotive parts and techniques to improve wear performance. The surface roughness of the parts printed from this widely used additive manufacturing technology requires more attention to reduce surface roughness further and subsequently the mechanical strength of the printed geometries. The main aspect of this study is to examine the effect of process parameters and annealing on the surface roughness and the wear rate of FDM printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) parts to diminish the issue mentioned above. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) G99 specified test specimens were fabricated for the investigations. The parameters considered in this study were nozzle temperature, infill density, printing velocity, and top/bottom pattern.

Abstract This study demonstrates the defossilized operation of a heavy-duty port-fuel-injected dual-fuel engine and highlights its potential benefits with minimal retrofitting effort. The investigation focuses on the optical characterization of the in-cylinder processes, ranging from mixture formation, ignition, and combustion, on a fully optically accessible single-cylinder research engine. The article revisits selected operating conditions in a thermodynamic configuration combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. One approach is to quickly diminish fossil fuel use by retrofitting present engines with decarbonized or defossilized alternatives. As both fuels are oxygenated, a considerable change in the overall ignition limits, air–fuel equivalence ratio, burning rate, and resistance against undesired pre-ignition or knocking is expected, with dire need of characterization.

Abstract Automotive subframe is a critical chassis component as it connects with the suspension, drive units, and vehicle body. All the vibration from the uneven road profile and drive units are passed through the subframe to the vehicle body. OEMs usually have specific component-level drive point dynamic stiffness (DPDS) requirements for subframe suppliers to achieve their full vehicle NVH goals. Traditionally, the DPDS improvement for subframes welded with multiple stamping pieces is done by thickness and shape optimization. The thickness optimization usually ends up with a huge mass penalty since the stamping panel thickness has to be changed uniformly not locally. Structure shape and section changes normally only work for small improvements due to the layout limitations. Tuned rubber mass damper (TRMD) has been widely used in the automotive industry to improve the vehicle NVH performance thanks to the minimum mass it adds to the original structure.

Abstract This article focuses on the development of an active braking control system tailored for electric vehicles. The essence of this system lies in its ability to regulate the slip coefficient to optimize traction during braking, thereby maximizing energy recuperation. In the context of the simulation on enhancing regenerative energy capture in electric vehicles, the use of integral sliding mode control (ISMC) as an alternative for regulating braking performance can be understood through a comparison of two key output variables in braking control systems: wheel deceleration and wheel slip. Traditionally, wheel deceleration has been a controlled variable in braking systems, and it is still utilized in some anti-lock braking systems (ABS). It can be easily measured using a basic wheel encoder. However, the dynamic performance of wheel deceleration control may suffer when there are rapid changes in the road surface.

Abstract Fossil fuel reserves are swiftly depleting when consumer demand for these fuels continues to rise. In order to meet the demand and diminish the pollution derived through conventional fuels, it is crucial to employ cleaner fuels made from substitutes such as waste biomass. Also, converting waste biomass to fuel can lower usage of landfills. There are many biomass resources that are suitable for fuel production, out of which groundnut is also a potential feedstock. Groundnut shell biomass was chosen for this study, as it is a waste leftover during shelling of groundnuts for various commercial applications. The procured groundnut shells were converted to oil using pyrolysis process and was distilled. Both the pyrolysis oil and the distilled oil were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared instrument wherein the presence of functional groups such as alcohols, amines, and carboxylic acids were identified.

Abstract The expansion of the internet has made everyone’s personal and professional lives more transparent. There are network security issues because people like sharing resources under the right conditions. Academics have demonstrated significant interest in situation awareness, which includes situation prediction, situation appraisal, and event detection, rather than focusing on the security of a single device in the network. Multi-stage attack forecasting and security situation awareness are two significant issues for network supervisors because the future usually is unknown. Hence, this study suggests combined intuitionistic fuzzy sets and deep neural network (CIFS-DNN) for network security situation prediction. The goal is to provide network administrators with a resource they can use as a point of reference while they formulate and carry out preventive actions in the event of a network assault.

Abstract TOC

Abstract With the rapid growth of automobile ownership, traffic congestion has become a major concern at intersections. In order to alleviate the blockage of intersection traffic flow caused by signals, reduce the length of vehicle congestion and waiting time, and for improving the intersection access efficiency, therefore, this article proposes a vehicle speed guidance strategy based on the intersection signal change by combining the vehicle–road cooperative technology. The randomness of vehicle traveling speed in the road is being considered. According to the vehicle traveling speed, a speed guidance model is established under different conditions.

Abstract Taking the semi-active suspension system as the research object, the forward model and inverse model of a continuous damping control (CDC) damper are established based on the characteristic test of the CDC damper. A multi-mode semi-active suspension controller is designed to meet the diverse requirements of vehicle performance under different road conditions. The controller parameters of each mode are determined using a genetic algorithm. In order to achieve automatic switching of the controller modes under different road conditions, a method is proposed to identify the road roughness based on the sprung mass acceleration. The average of the ratio between the squared sprung mass acceleration and the vehicle speed within a specific time window is taken as the identification indicator for road roughness.

Abstract Various feedstocks can be employed for biodiesel production, leading to considerable variation in composition and engine fuel characteristics. Using biodiesels originating from diverse feedstocks introduces notable variations in engine characteristics. Therefore, it is imperative to scrutinize the composition and properties of biodiesel before deployment in engines, a task facilitated by predictive models. Additionally, the international commercialization of biodiesel fuel is contingent upon stringent regulations. The traditional experimental measurement of biodiesel properties is laborious and expensive, necessitating skilled personnel. Predictive models offer an alternative approach by estimating biodiesel properties without depending on experimental measurements. This research is centered on building models that correlate mid-infrared spectra of biodiesel and critical fuel properties, encompassing kinematic viscosity, cetane number, and calorific value.

Abstract A new revolution has taken place in the automobile industry in recent years, intelligent and connected vehicle (ICV) [1] has achieved a higher market share in recent years and relevant technologies have been quickly developed and widely accepted, so the auto industry needs to make regulations for automated driving system (ADS) on ICVs, mainly to assure the safety of ICV. To meet the requirements above, the definition of operational design domain (ODD) [2, 3] was put forward by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) a few years ago. ODD defines necessary external environment conditions for the ADS to operate, but the internal status of the vehicle is also a key part of judging whether ADS can operate safely.

Abstract In order to efficiently predict and investigate a vehicle’s vertical dynamics, it is necessary to consider the suspension component properties holistically. Although the effects of suspension stiffness and damping characteristics on vertical dynamics are widely understood, the impact of suspension friction in various driving scenarios has rarely been studied in both simulation and road tests for several decades. The present study addresses this issue by performing driving tests using a special device that allows a modification of the shock absorber or damper friction, and thus the suspension friction to be modified independently of other suspension parameters. Initially, its correct functioning is verified on a shock absorber test rig. A calibration and application routine is established in order to assign definite additional friction forces at high reproducibility levels.

Abstract Compared to other age groups, older adults are at more significant risk of hip fracture when they fall. In addition to the higher risk of falls for the elderly, fear of falls can reduce this population’s outdoor activity. Various preventive solutions have been proposed to reduce the risk of hip fractures ranging from wearable hip protectors to indoor flooring systems. A previously developed rubberized asphalt mixture demonstrated the potential to reduce the risk of head injury. In the current study, the capability of the rubberized asphalt sample was evaluated for the risk of hip fracture for an average elderly male and an average elderly female. A previously developed human body model was positioned in a fall configuration that would give the highest impact forces toward regular asphalt.

The initial cost of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is higher than internal combustion engine-powered vehicles (ICEVs) due to expensive batteries. Various factors affect the total cost of ownership of a vehicle. In India, consumers are concerned with a vehicle’s initial purchase cost and prefer owning an economical vehicle. The higher cost and shorter range of BEVs compared to ICEVs severely limit their penetration in the Indian market. However, government subsidies and incentives support BEVs. The total cost of ownership assessment is used to evaluate the entire cost of a vehicle to find the most economical option among different powertrains. This study compares 2W (two-wheeler) and 4W (four-wheeler) BEV’s cost vis-à-vis equivalent ICEVs in Delhi and Mumbai. The cost analysis assesses the current and future government policies to promote BEVs. Two assumed policies were applied to estimate future scenarios.

Abstract With the rapid development and the growing deployment of autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs) worldwide, there is an increasing need to design reliable, efficient, robust, and scalable motion-planning algorithms. These algorithms are crucial for fulfilling the desired goals of safety, comfort, efficiency, and accessibility. To design optimal motion-planning algorithms, it is beneficial to explore existing techniques and make improvements by addressing the limitations of associated techniques, utilizing hybrid algorithms, or developing novel strategies. This article categorizes and overviews numerous motion-planning algorithms for AGVs, shedding light on their strengths and weaknesses for a comprehensive understanding.

Abstract In 2018, the state explicitly proposed to “promote the cancellation of expressway toll stations at provincial boundaries.” Electronic toll collection has become the main toll collection method on expressways. With the construction of ETC toll lanes, the proportion of ETC vehicles in the expressway traffic flow is increasing, and the rapid processing of vehicle special situations is facing challenges. At present, various provinces have adopted various methods to improve the traffic efficiency and transaction success rate of ETC from the issuance link, customer service link, and lane transaction link. According to statistical data, the average transaction success rate of ETC lane is not higher than 99% at present. As of October 2021, the number of ETC users nationwide has reached 256 million, and there are an average of 40 million ETC transactions per day across the network, that is, about 400,000 special cases need to be processed.

Abstract This article presents a technical study on the integration of hybrid renewable energy sources (RES) with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, aiming to enhance energy efficiency, grid stability, and mitigating power imbalances. The growing adoption of RES and electric vehicles (EV) necessitates innovative solutions to mitigate intermittency and optimize resource utilization. The study’s primary objective is to design and analyze a hybrid distribution generation system encompassing solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power stations, along with a conventional diesel generator, connected to the utility grid. A V2G system is strategically embedded within the microgrid to facilitate bidirectional power exchange between EV and the grid. Methodologically, MATLAB/Simulink® 2021a is employed to simulate the system’s performance over one day.

Abstract A multiple output dynamically adjustable capacity system (MODACS) is developed to provide multiple voltage output levels while supporting varying power loads by switching multiple battery strings between serial and parallel connections. Each module of the system can service either a low voltage bus by placing its strings in parallel or a high voltage bus with its strings in series. Since MODACS contains several such modules, it can produce multiple voltages simultaneously. By switching which strings and modules service the different output rails and by varying the connection strategy over time, the system can balance the states of charge (SOC) of the strings and modules. A model predictive control (MPC) algorithm is formulated to accomplish this balancing. MODACS operates in various power modes, each of which imposes unique constraints on switching between configurations.

Abstract With the continuous progress of society, people have higher and higher requirements for the quality of life. Energy is an important substance base for human existence and development. In the construction industry, construction project construction period cost control has become particularly important. The existing engineering projects have not significantly optimized the quality of construction period cost, leading to waste of resources. Therefore, it is particularly important to establish an efficient, reasonable, and perfect system to ensure the scientific use of construction project construction period cost.

Abstract Super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) is a type of stainless steel made of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe). In the present work, a 1.6 mm wide thin sheet of SDSS is joined using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The ideal parameter for a bead-on-plate trial is found, and 0.216 kJ/mm of heat input is used for welding. As an outcome of the welding heating cycle and subsequent cooling, a microstructural study revealed coarse microstructure in the heat-affected zone and weld zone. The corrosion rate for welded joints is 9.3% higher than the base metal rate. Following the corrosion test, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed that the welded joint’s oxide development generated a larger corrosive attack on the weld surface than the base metal surface. The percentages of chromium (12.5%) and molybdenum (24%) in the welded joints are less than those in the base metal of SDSS, as per energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis.