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This paper examines, for several major markets, the fuel savings achievable with advanced engine technologies as “drop-in” substitutions for existing engines, as well as from increased electric hybridization of the powertrain. Key segments of light duty vehicles in major automotive markets including the US, China, EU, Japan, India, and Saudi Arabia were examined. Representative vehicles for each market were simulated using advanced vehicle modeling tools and evaluated on the relevant local regulatory cycle or cycles. In all cases, to ensure meaningful results, the performance of a given vehicle was maintained as engine and powertrain technology was varied through appropriate resizing of powertrain components. In total, 4 engine technologies and 5 powertrain architectures were simulated for 5 different markets.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fuel saving potential of various hybrid powertrain architectures for medium and heavy duty vehicles. The relative benefit of each powertrain was analyzed, and the observed fuel savings was explained in terms of operational efficiency gains, regenerative braking benefits from powertrain electrification and differences in vehicle curb weight. Vehicles designed for various purposes, namely urban delivery, utility, transit, refuse, drayage, regional and long haul were included in this work. Fuel consumption was measured in regulatory cycles and various real world representative cycles. A diesel-powered conventional powertrain variant was first developed for each case, based on vehicle technical specifications for each type of truck. Autonomie, a simulation tool developed by Argonne National Laboratory, was used for carrying out the vehicle modeling, sizing and fuel economy evaluation.

The peak efficiency of modern spark ignited engines varies from 36% to 40% depending on the exact technology utilized. Most engines can achieve this peak efficiency for a limited operating region. Multi-speed transmissions allow the engine to operate closer to its most efficient operating regions for more significant portions of operation. In the case of hybrid powertrains, electric machines help in improving engine efficiency by adjusting operating speed and load. Engine shutdown during idle events and low loads is another avenue for improving the overall efficiency. The choice of the ideal powertrain and component sizes depends on the engine characteristics, drive cycles and vehicle technical requirements. This study examines what type of powertrains will be suitable for more efficient engines that are likely to be available in the near future. Some of the new technologies achieve higher efficiency with a trade off on power or by accepting a more restrictive operating region.