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In India, B7 (a biodiesel mix of 7% by volume in diesel) has been approved for use in diesel engines. Due to the depletion of fossil fuel supplies and tight pollution requirements, alternative diesel fuel has become critical. However, given the properties of diesel, no direct renewable alternative fuel can totally replace diesel. As a result, one of the solutions may be to replace part of the diesel with ethanol. In this inquisition, the impact of various diesel-ethanol blends, counting ED7.7, ED10, ED15 and ED20, were examined on two in-use multi-cylinder engines complying to different emission norms. The two engines under consideration complies with CPCB-I and CPCB-II, which is an Indian legal requirement for stationary Genset engines. For both engines, a 5-mode steady-state test cycle was considered. For each mode, the engine’s performance characteristics, including power, torque, and BSFC, were tested and described.

Currently, on-road transport contributes nearly 12% of India’s total energy related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that are expected to be doubled by 2040. Following the global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and criteria emissions, India will likely impose equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations mandating simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and nearly 90% lower nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the current BS-VI levels. Consequently, Indian automakers would likely face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while balancing performance and the total cost of ownership (TCO) trade-offs. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost-effective system improvements for the existing internal combustion engine (ICE) powertrains would be of high strategic importance for the automakers.

The Indian government has been promoting electric vehicles through various policy initiatives, such as offering incentives and subsidies to EV manufacturers and consumers, establishing charging infrastructure across the country, and setting ambitious targets for EV adoption. These measures aim to reduce the dependence on imported fossil fuels, mitigate air pollution, and promote sustainable mobility. As a result, the demand for electric vehicles across India is steadily increasing, and the country is emerging as a lucrative market for EVs globally. An electronically commuted brushless DC (BLDC) motor usually functions for traction in electric two-wheelers. Electric vehicles need to comply with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements. During the EMC compliance of electric two-wheelers, it is certain that the BLDC motor and its controller play an important role.

Due to the transformation of the automotive industry from conventional vehicles to electric vehicles, new challenges have emerged concerning Electromagnetic Compatibility. Though the Radiated Emission limits in global regulation are the same for both types of powertrains of vehicles, however, due to the phenomena of conversion of high voltage to low voltage, rapid charging/discharging, and different components involved in electric powertrain, the Radiated Emission from electric vehicles give a strikingly different trend which is challenging to combat. When compared with the conventional Spark Ignition vehicle, many other electronic components of the electric vehicle stay in the mode of Power ON while in the “Ignition ON” steady state. This resulted in us observing a significant shift in the amplitude and frequency throughout the frequency band of Radiated Emission measurement.

Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2ICE) has hydrogen gas storage system and is operated at very low temperature before it enters the combustion chamber. The effect of hydrogen on steel materials is detrimental because of hydrogen embrittlement. Forged steel parts are used in engine specifically valve. The goal of the work is to analyze the outcome of low temperature i.e. 35 °C to -30 °C on three types of forged steel materials i.e. 40Cr4, 42CrMo4 and EN8 and assess any potential changes in their properties due to ductile to brittle transition. Charpy impact test is widely used to determine the temperature at which a material shifts from exhibiting ductile behavior to brittle behavior. This transition is critical for understanding the safety and reliability of steel components, as brittle fracture can lead to catastrophic failures.

Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) systems play a critical role in ensuring vehicle safety by detecting potential rear-end collisions and automatically applying brakes to mitigate or prevent accidents. This paper focuses on establishing a framework for the Verification & Validation (V&V) of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) by testing & verifying the functionality of a RADAR-based AEB ECU. A comprehensive V&V approach was adopted, incorporating both virtual and physical testing. For virtual testing, closed-loop Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) simulation technique was employed. The AEB ECU was interfaced with the real-time hardware via CAN. Data for the relevant target such as the target position, velocity etc. was calculated using an ideal RADAR sensor model running on the real-time hardware. The methodology involved conducting a series of test scenarios, including various driving speeds, obstacle types, and braking distances.

Following global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant regulations, India will likely introduce within the next decade equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations for Diesel engines requiring simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and up to 90% reduction in NOx emission from current BS-VI levels. Consequently, automakers are likely to face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while maintaining performance and vehicle total cost of ownership (TCO), especially in the Indian market, which has experienced significant tightening of emission regulation during the past decade. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost effective approaches for improving existing diesel engines platforms for future regulations would be of high strategic importance for automakers.

The low running cost of electric two wheelers is resulting in high popularity and growing market share. The electric two wheelers are generally considered silent. However, the tonal nature of radiated noise is annoying for both driver and pedestrians in electric vehicles. This study focuses on electric two-wheeler with annoyance issue. The customer complained about non-linear noise with respect to speed and also whining during loading and coasting. The detailed Noise Source Identification (NSI) revealed that the noise is due to motor and transmission whine and structural resonances of chassis excited by this motor excitation during runup and gear whine orders during coasting when excitation by motor is absent. The motor mounting and chassis are structurally modified with suitable stiffeners and damping based on the results of modal analysis. The transmission gear geometry and contact pattern are optimized for transmission error reduction.

A bus is integral part of public transportation in both rural and urban areas. It is also used for scheduled transport, tourism, and school transport. Buses are the common mode of transport all over the world. The growth in economy, the electrification of public transport, demand in shared transport, etc., is leading to a surge in the demand for buses and accelerating the overall growth of the bus industry. With the increased number of buses, the issue of safety of passengers and the crew assumes special importance. The comfort of driver and passenger in the vehicle involves the vibration performance and therefore, the structural integrity of buses is critically important. Bus safety act depicts the safety and comfort of bus operations, management of safety risks, continuous improvement in bus safety management, public confidence in the safety of bus transport, appropriate stakeholder involvement and the existence of a safety culture among bus service providers.

Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is a routinely used technology for the design and testing of road vehicles, including the simulation of their response to an impact. To increase automotive industry competitiveness by reducing physical test-based type approval and to improve road safety, recent initiatives have been taken by both industry and public authorities to promote the use of virtual testing through numerical simulation as an alternative way to check regulatory compliance. [1] To ensure acceptance of this alternative method, the accuracy of the simulation models and procedures needs to be assured and rated independently of the modelling process, software tools, and computing platform. Similarly, it is also imperative to understand the uncertainties emerging out of different component design parameters and analyze their sensitivity towards producing deviations in the reported results as per the requirements of the regulatory standard.

Engine mount is an integral part of any Internal Combustion engine. It is the medium which isolates the vibrations coming from engine being transferred to the chassis or body. Engine or power plant is the main source of unbalanced vibrations. The major role of an engine mount is to reduce those vibration levels, improve ride comfort and increase the life of an engine and its parts [1]. This work determines the Test methodology development for passenger car engine mounts in the Laboratory by using Multi-axial environment [2]. This explains the details of truly Multi-axial test rig development, Drive file creation and the Durability Testing with the maintained vehicle conditions by simulating field conditions in the laboratory. The Multi-axial test rig developed with incorporation of vehicle’s both Front Drive shafts torques and One Propeller shaft which simulates the Front wheel drives and the rear prop shaft torque.

With the recent development in virtual modelling and vehicle simulation technology, many OEM’s worldwide are using digital road profiles in virtual environment for vehicle durability load prediction and virtual design evaluation. For precise simulation results, it is important to have the tire digital twin which is the realistic representation of tire in the virtual environment. The study comprises of discussion about different types of tire models such as empirical, solid model, rigid ring model and flexural ring models such as Pacejka, MF Swift, CD tire, F tire etc. and also the complexity involved in development of these tire models. Generation of virtual tire model requires highly sophisticated test rigs as well as vehicle level testing with Wheel Force transducers and other vehicle dynamics sensors. The large number of data points generated with testing are converted in standard TYDEX format to be further processed in various software tool for virtual model generation.

Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2ICE) offer a cost-effective solution to decarbonize transport by combining a lower carbon intensity fuel with mature and established internal combustion engine technology. While vehicles running with hydrogen have been demonstrated over the years, this fuel's physical and chemical properties require modifications and upgrades on the vehicle from an engine and system-level perspective. In addition, market-specific regulatory and economic factors can also constrain the realization of optimal hydrogen powertrain architectures. Therefore, this paper reviews the impact of hydrogen use on combustion, injection, air management, and after-treatment systems, indicating the different strategies used to enable effective H2ICE strategies from an efficiency, cost, and safety standpoint.

The Indian market for battery-powered electric vehicles (xEV) is growing exponentially in the coming years, fueled by tumbling lithium-ion battery prices and favorable government policies. Lithium-ion battery is leading in clean mobility ecosystem for electric vehicles. LiBs efficient and safe performance for tropical climatic conditions is one of the primary requirements for xEV to succeed in India. The performance of LiBs, however, is impacted due to ambient temperature as well as the heat generated within cell due to the load cycle electrochemical reaction. The acceptable operating temperature region for LiBs normally is between 20 °C to 45 °C and anything outside of this region will lead to degradation of performance and irreversible damages. Therefore, understanding the thermal behavior is very crucial for an efficient battery thermal management.

Ride is considered to be one of the crucial criterion for evaluating the performance of a vehicle. Automobile industry is striving for improvement in designs to provide superior passenger comfort in Commercial vehicles segment. In Industry, Quarter-car model has been used for years to study the vehicle’s ride dynamics. But due to lower DOF involved in quarter car, the output accuracy is somewhat compromised. This paper aims in development of a 7 DOF full-car Model to perform the ride- comfort analysis for Light Duty 4*2 Commercial Bus using MATLAB Simulink which can be used to tune the suspension design to meet the required ride-comfort criteria. Firstly, experimental data and Physical Parameters are collected by performing Practical Test on commercial Bus on different road profiles. Secondly, a Full Car Mathematical Model with 7 DOF has been developed for a bus using MATLAB Simulink R2018a.

Last decade has been era of environmental awareness. Various programs have launched for making devices and appliances eco-friendly. This initiative has lead automobile industry toward hybridization and now total electrification of vehicles. As electric motor is being added to automobile as a prime mover, due to high frequency vibrations along with higher torque electric motor needs to be isolated properly & carefully as this vibration can damage other automobile parts. Dynamic response of electric motor is different from response of IC engines, so use of engine mounting design method may not be suitable for designing mounting system for electric motor. First, both 4- point and 3- point mounting system are considered for analytical and experimental investigation of force and displacement transmissibility. Position and orientation of elastomeric mounts plays important role in design of mounting system for electric motor.

To enhance the crashworthiness of electric vehicles, designing the optimized and safer battery pack is very essential. The deformed battery cell can result in catastrophic events like thermal runaway and thus it becomes crucial to study the mechanical response of battery cell. The goal of the research is to experimentally investigate the effect of mechanical deformation on Lithium-ion battery cell. The paper thoroughly studies the phenomenon of short circuiting at the time of failure. Various experiments are carried on 18650 cylindrical cells (NCA chemistry) under custom designed fume hood. The setup captures the failure modes of battery cell. The loading conditions have been designed considering the very possible physical conditions during crash event. The study has been done for radial compression, semicircular indentation, hemispherical indentation, flat circular indentation and case of three-point bending.

NVH has gained importance in the field of earth moving equipment due to the demand of quieter machines and stringent in-cab as well as exterior noise emission norms. Several parts of the world have adopted strict legislation on noise emission by earth moving equipment, but many countries have not adopted any regulations till date. The aim of this study is to help governing bodies as well as machine manufacturers in adopting simple yet accurate testing method for compactor machine. The study consists of directivity analysis, noise source identification, noise source ranking and 4-point microphone position sound power evaluation method applied to compactors with wide range of engine power ratings. All the tests in 4-point method and directivity analysis were performed under stationary as well as dynamic conditions.

Design of real time active controls for structural dynamics problems requires a very precise mathematical model, to closely determine the system dynamic behavior, under virtual simulation. The finite element models can somehow be used as a mathematical model but due to complex shape/structure of the component, the size of discrete models resulting from finite element analysis is usually very large, causing the virtual simulation to be extremely computationally intensive and time consuming, also the boundary conditions applied are not very scalable, making the system deviate from its real dynamic behavior. Thus, this paper deals with the design of a Model Order Reduction technique, using orthogonal decomposition of system matrices, which can be used for creating accurate low-order dynamic model with scalable boundary conditions.

Electric Vehicles (EVs), with its inherent advantage of zero tailpipe emissions, are gaining importance because of aggressive push from government not only to reduce air pollution but also to reduce dependency of fossil fuel. EVs and necessary charging infrastructure along with ‘connected’ technology is redefining mobility. Considering the fast growing EV market, it becomes important for an EV Powertrain Architect to design and develop a powertrain solution having low engineering efforts and satisfying business, market and regulatory requirements at a competitive price. This paper presents a compact, flexible, convenient and smart featured simulation tool for an EV Powertrain Architect for estimating the specifications of key powertrain components such as traction battery and electric motor. The proposed tool takes into consideration the end-user as well as the regulatory requirements of range, maximum speed, acceleration and gradeability.