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Lithium-ion and Lithium polymer batteries are fast becoming ubiquitous in high-discharge rate applications for military and non-military systems. Applications such as small aerial vehicles and energy transfer systems can often function at C-rates greater than 1. To maximize system endurance and battery health, there is a need for models capable of precisely estimating the battery state-of-charge (SoC) under all temperature and loading conditions. However, the ability to perform state estimation consistently and accurately to within 1% error has remained unsolved. Doing so can offer enhanced endurance, safety, reliability, and planning, and additionally, simplify energy management. Therefore, the work presented in this paper aims to study and develop experimentally validated mathematical models capable of high-accuracy battery SoC estimation.

The combined impacts of engine speed and fuel reactivity on energy-assisted compression-ignition (EACI) combustion using a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) ceramic glow plug for low-load operation werexxz investigated. The COTS glow plug, used as the ignition assistant (IA), was overdriven beyond its conventional operation range. Engine speed was varied from 1200 RPM to 2100 RPM. Three fuel blends consisting of a jet-A fuel with military additives (F24) and a low cetane number alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) were tested with cetane numbers (CN) of 25.9, 35.5, and 48.5. The ranges of engine speed and fuel cetane numbers studied are significantly larger than those in previous studies of EACI or glow-plug assisted combustion, and the simultaneous variation of engine speed and fuel reactivity are unique to this work. For each speed and fuel, a single-injection of fixed mass was used and the start of injection (SOI) was swept for each IA power.

In-cylinder thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have the capability to reduce fuel consumption by reducing wall heat transfer and to increase exhaust enthalpy. Low thermal conductivity, low volumetric heat capacity thermal barrier coatings tend to reduce the gas-wall temperature difference, the driving potential for heat transfer from the gas to the combustion chamber surfaces. This paper presents a coupling between an analytical methodology for multi-layer coated wall surface temperature prediction with a fully calibrated production model in a commercial system-level simulation software package (GT-Power). The wall surface temperature at each time step was calculated efficiently by convolving the engine wall response function with the time-varying surface boundary condition, i. e., in-cylinder heat flux and coolant temperature. This tool allows the wall to be treated either as spatially uniform with one set of properties, or with independent head/piston/liner components.

Due to concerns regarding pollutant and CO2 emissions, advanced combustion modes that can simultaneously reduce exhaust emissions and improve thermal efficiency have been widely investigated. The main characteristic of the new combustion strategies, such as HCCI and LTC, is that the formation of a homogenous mixture or a controllable stratified mixture is required prior to ignition. The major issue with these approaches is the lack of a direct method for the control of ignition timing and combustion rate, which can be only indirectly controlled using high EGR rates and/or lean mixtures. Homogeneous Charge Progressive Combustion (HCPC) is based on the split-cycle principle. Intake and compression phases are performed in a reciprocating external compressor, which drives the air into the combustor cylinder during the combustion process, through a transfer duct. A transfer valve is positioned between the compressor cylinder and the transfer duct.

High-resolution planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements were performed on the scalar field in an optical engine. The measurements were of sufficient resolution to fully resolve all of the length scales of the flow field through the full cycle. The scalar dissipation spectrum was calculated, and by fitting the results to a model turbulent spectrum the Batchelor scale of the turbulent flow was estimated. The scalar inhomogeneity was introduced by a low-momentum gas jet injection. A consistent trend was observed in all data; the Batchelor scale showed a minimum value at top dead center (TDC) and was nearly symmetric about TDC. Increasing the engine speed resulted in a decrease of the Batchelor scale, and the presence of a shroud on the intake valve, which increased the turbulence intensity, also reduced the Batchelor scale. The effect of the shrouded valve was less significant compared to the effect of engine speed.

This paper presents a mathematical investigation of the influence of the slot/pole number combination on the iron loss of permanent magnet (PM) motors. A simplified electromagnetic model of PM motors was used to develop a mathematical method of evaluating iron loss for any combination of slots and pole pairs. An investigation of the magnetomotive force distribution of stator teeth and its expression as a complex Fourier series expansion revealed that the coordinate system can be easily transformed, thereby enabling rotor iron loss to be calculated. A core factor was defined on the basis of the calculated iron losses and a map of slot/pole number combinations was created. Several promising combinations were selected from the map and their respective advantages and disadvantages were identified. A new promising combination was found featuring windings with a coil pitch of two slots.

This paper describes the development of the drive motor used on a newly developed electric vehicle (EV) that has been specifically designed and engineered as the world's first mass-produced EV. Producing maximum torque of 280 Nm and maximum power of 80 kW, this synchronous motor was selected as the first electrified powertrain to be named to Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2011. In developing this motor, magnetic field simulations were conducted in the process of adopting the following in-house technologies to achieve a compact motor size, high output and high efficiency. The rotor shape has the interior permanent magnets arranged in a ▽-shaped that achieves a superior balance of torque and power. The flux barriers located on the outer periphery are designed to reduce iron loss. The V-shaped flux barriers provide both excellent mechanical strength and outstanding performance during high-speed motor operation.

When designing engine parts of motor vehicles, it is important to evaluate internal residual stresses that cause crack growth and influence the strength of parts. Internal stresses can be measured nondestructively by the neutron diffraction method. However, it is difficult to apply this method to aluminum alloy castings because they consist of coarse crystal grains. As for cylinder heads, the grain size ranges up to approximately 400 μm and there are few grains contributing to intensity of diffraction in each gauge volume. In the case of X-ray diffraction, "the oscillation method" has been employed for materials with coarse grains. In this study, the applicability of the oscillation method to aluminum alloy castings was investigated with the aim of establishing a method of measuring internal stresses and strains. A related objective was to determine the accuracy of stresses.

This paper describes a newly developed NOx trap catalyst that achieves cleaner exhaust gas using much smaller quantities of precious metals. The precious metal loading of this NOx trap catalyst has been halved by developing a technique for inhibiting precious metal sintering even under exposure to high temperature exhaust gas and a trap material with improved catalyst functions at low temperature. This NOx trap catalyst is used on the Nissan X-TRAIL fitted with a diesel engine, which was the first vehicle to comply with Japan's Post New Long term Exhaust Emission Regulations.

This paper presents advanced and cost-reducing technologies of a motor drive system with reduced permanent magnets but without a position sensor. The key enabler is the integration of novel designs of flux-intensifying interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (FI-IPMSMs) and position self-sensing control technologies. In this paper, we focus on two advantages of FI-IPMSM over conventional flux-weakening interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (FW-IPMSMs). The first benefit is that thinner magnets are possible and there is less concern for demagnetization because of its significantly smaller flux-weakening current. This paper presents two design examples of FI-IPMSMs, one of which has not only smaller magnets but also similar power conversion capability. The second advantage is reduced saturation and cross-saturation effect, which leads to improved position self-sensing capability.

A method including Multi-Body Dynamics (MBD) and fatigue assessment process with modal approach was developed to predict Light Commercial Van (LCV) Rear French Doors open/close durability performance during early design stage to improve test detect ability. The nonlinear properties of joints, such as those on bolted housings or spot welds sheets and hem flange areas, can substantially influence the local and global results of a dynamic simulation. The Modal approach considers joint contact, by way of Joint Interface Modes (JIMs) by using Contact Subroutine (MAMBA) to co-simulate with MBD software to improve result quality. One of the main challenges is measuring the dynamic stiffness for the weather strip. A novel test method was used to measure the weather strip dynamic stiffness by conducting an “in-situ” test. For CAE simulation results, positive feedback was received from design and test engineers.

Customers desire to keep the interior of their vehicles as clean as possible. A field survey was made of the types of dirt and stains found on interior trim parts as the starting point for the development of products that meet this need. The survey findings showed that soiled stains resulting from long periods of use are commonly found on seat surfaces and cloth seats also have beverage stains. Dirt stains are typically seen on plastic trim parts. An analysis of the components of soiled stains revealed the presence of higher fatty acids that tend to adhere to the urethane coating on the surface of genuine leather seat covers and to the polyester fibers of cloth seat covers. A coating technology was then developed for bringing dirt to the surface so that it can be easily removed by wiping with a wet cloth.

A new transparent resin material developed by uniformly dispersing a nano-filler (boehmite particles, 5 nm in diameter and 197 nm long) in polycarbonate resin combines a flexural modulus of 5.9 GPa, a linear expansion coefficient of 35 ppm/K, and excellent mechanical toughness with excellent optical characteristics (transparency with 1.1% haze at 1 mm thick). These characteristics make this material highly suitable as a replacement for automotive glass that allows innovative design, a liberating sense of openness for automobiles.

The first-ever application of a hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon (H free DLC) coating to a mass-production gasoline engine reduces friction between the cylinder bore and piston by 18%. It is explained the reducing friction effect of H free DLC by oil film thickness of piston ring. When H-free DLC is applied to top ring, friction is over 10% reduced. Because low friction coating is effective in a thin oil film at a large area near top dead center (TDC). It is also found that the friction reduction effect is enhanced when low viscosity engine oil is used. DLC as a low friction coating is more effective in a thinner oil film. In this study, the adhesion strength of H-free DLC coating on piston rings is improved because of providing a smooth substrate, the new washing process and the optimized coating characteristics. Adhesion strength is verified by test results using actual parts considered to contribute to piston ring load.

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)/coir fiber composites were prepared via both conventional and microcellular injection-molding processes. The surface of the hydrophilic coir fiber was modified by alkali and silane-treatment to improve its adhesion with PHBV. The morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties were investigated. The addition of coir fiber (treated and untreated) reduced cell size and increased cell density. Further decrease in cell size and increase in cell density were observed for treated fibers compared with PHBV/untreated fiber composites. Mechanical properties such as specific toughness and strain-at-break improved for both solid and microcellular specimens with the addition of coir fibers (both treated and untreated); however, the specific modulus remained essentially the same statistically while the specific strength decreased slightly.

Permanent magnet AC generators are robust, inexpensive, and efficient compared to wound-field synchronous generators with brushless exciters. Their application in variable-speed applications is made difficult by the variation of the stator voltage with shaft speed. This paper presents the use of stator-side reactive power injection as a means of regulating the stator voltage. Design-oriented analysis of machine performance for this mode of operation identifies an appropriate level of machine saliency that enables excellent terminal voltage regulation over a specified speed and load range, while minimizing stator current requirements. This paper demonstrates that the incorporation of saliency into the permanent magnet generator can significantly reduce the size of the reactive current source that is required to regulate the stator voltage during operation over a wide range of speeds and loads.

A continuous multi-component fuel evaporation model has been integrated with an improved G-equation combustion and detailed chemical kinetics model. The integrated code has been successfully used to simulate a gasoline direct injection engine. In the multi-component fuel model, the theory of continuous thermodynamics is used to model the properties and composition of multi-component fuels such as gasoline. In the improved G-equation combustion model a flamelet approach based on the G-equation is used that considers multi-component fuel effects. To precisely calculate the local and instantaneous residual which has a great effect on the laminar flame speed, a “transport equation residual” model is used. A Damkohler number criterion is used to determine the combustion mode in flame containing cells.

A transport equation residual model incorporating refined G-equation and detailed chemical kinetics combustion models has been developed and implemented in the ERC KIVA-3V release2 code for Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engine simulations for better predictions of flame propagation. In the transport equation residual model a fictitious species concept is introduced to account for the residual gases in the cylinder, which have a great effect on the laminar flame speed. The residual gases include CO2, H2O and N2 remaining from the previous engine cycle or introduced using EGR. This pseudo species is described by a transport equation. The transport equation residual model differentiates between CO2 and H2O from the previous engine cycle or EGR and that which is from the combustion products of the current engine cycle.

The effect of the ring pack storage mechanism on the hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from an air-cooled utility engine has been studied using a simplified ring pack model. Tests were performed for a range of engine load, two engine speeds, varied air-fuel ratio and with a fixed ignition timing using a homogeneous, pre-vaporized fuel mixture system. The integrated mass of HC leaving the crevices from the end of combustion (the crank angle that the cumulative burn fraction reached 90%) to exhaust valve closing was taken to represent the potential contribution of the ring pack to the overall HC emissions; post-oxidation in the cylinder will consume some of this mass. Time-resolved exhaust HC concentration measurements were also performed, and the instantaneous exhaust HC mass flow rate was determined using the measured exhaust and cylinder pressure.

Fundamental simulations in a quiescent cell under adiabatic conditions were made to understand the effect of temperature, equivalence ratio and the components of the recirculated exhaust gas, viz., CO2 and H2O, on the combustion of n-Heptane. Simulations were made in single phase in which evaporated n-Heptane was uniformly distributed in the domain. Computations were made for two different temperatures and four different EGR levels. CO2 or H2O or N2was used as EGR. It was found that the initiation of the main combustion process was primarily determined by two competing factors, i.e., the amount of initial OH concentration in the domain and the specific heat of the mixture. Further, initial OH concentration can be controlled by the manipulating the ambient temperature in the domain, and the specific heat capacity of the mixture via the mixture composition. In addition to these, the pre combustion and the subsequent post combustion can also be controlled via the equivalence ratio.