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The new idea discussed in this paper pertains to the carrier mechanism for spare wheels in heavy commercial vehicles. Typically, these vehicles are equipped with a spare wheel carrier featuring a rope mechanism for loading and unloading the spare wheel. The conventional placement of this system is on the side of the frame/chassis or within the limits of the side member. However, the tire-changing process in this system is often arduous, time-consuming, and requires significant effort. The proposed invention addresses these challenges by repositioning the spare wheel to a vertical orientation, facilitating easier access to its bolts and simplifying the removal process from the mountings. Furthermore, the innovation incorporates a three-way actuation system (Air Actuated, Electric motor-driven, or Hydraulic cylinder actuated mechanisms), thereby reducing the need for manual effort and enhancing driver comfort.

Heavy vehicles such as construction machinery generally require a large traction force. For this reason, axle components are equipped with a final reduction gear to provide a structure that can generate a large traction force. Basic analysis of vertical load, horizontal load (traction force), centrifugal force, and torsional torque applied to the wheels of heavy vehicles such as construction machinery and industrial vehicles, as well as actual working load analysis during actual operations, were conducted and compiled into a load analysis diagram. The loosening tendency of wheel bolts and nuts that fasten the wheel under actual working load was measured, and the loosening analysis method was presented. The causes of wheel fall-off accidents in heavy trucks, which have recently become a problem, were examined. Wheel bolts are generally tightened by the calibrated wrench method using a torque wrench.

Threaded joints are considered the most basic of components. Although in use for over a century, significant problems still exist with their usage. Wheel bolt loosening in overloaded segments such as HD tippers and high-speed intercity buses poses a safety challenge for drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. Wheel nut loosening is a notable cause of service, fretting, and cracks in the mating components; contributing a significant chunk of warranty cost to the company. The need of the hour is to reinforce these joints while keeping resources at bay. This paper establishes a methodology for the evaluation and design of a safe wheel bolt joint interface including key parameters such as embedding, axial forces, and shear forces. It is necessary to obtain the minimum preload requirement for a wheel bolt joint to hold the clamped surfaces intact, which if not maintained otherwise would cause relative movement, play, shear load onto the bolt, and eventually failure.

This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for hubs and spoke wheels used on Class 6, 7, and 8 truck/truck-tractor non-powered front axles, powered and non-powered rear axles and trailer axles, for which bearing setting is manually adjusted. Assemblies using spacers to control bearing preload and endplay may differ in geometry and bearing componentry.

This recommended practice contains dimensions and tolerances for outboard mounted brake drums and disc wheel hubs in the interface areas. This recommended practice is intended for outboard mounted brake drums and disc wheel hubs commonly used on class 7 and 8 commercial vehicles. Included are SAE J694 mounting systems II, III, IV, XIV, and X. Special and less common applications are not covered.

This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for qualification testing for brake drums used on highway commercial vehicles with air brakes using an inertia-dynamometer procedure. This document consists of two distinct tests: Part A, durability and speed maintenance test, and Part B, heat check drag sequence test. Each test can be considered to be an independent evaluation of the brake drum which tests different properties.

This specification sheet establishes requirements for a high collapse pressure configuration filter element of a specific configuration with a minimum filtration ratio of 75 for particles larger than 7 µm when designed and tested in accordance with SAE J2321 and this specification sheet.

This SAE Information Report lists common port connection types used in truck, bus, truck-trailer, converter dolly, and multi-purpose vehicles with air brake systems at the time of publication. The purpose of the document is to give system designers and users a starting point for connector selection and a reference to the standards that govern these connector types. Also included are notes on common practices associated with these ports. CAUTION: Consult the relevant standard for the connector before making a decision on suitability for use in a specific application.

The sequence of manufacturing processes involved in the making of truck frame rail sections leave a certain amount of imperfections in the form of plastic deformation and residual stresses in it. These residual stresses along with the externally induced loading stresses together should not be allowed to cross the yield limit of the frame material as it leads to premature failure of frame rail before giving its expected life. One such manufacturing process inducing premature failure is studied in detail using experimental analyses and presented in this paper. The kink bending process employed on the already formed and bolt hole punched C section frame rail, leads to plastic deformation and material crowding around the bolt hole located near the kink bend area of the frame flange.

This SAE Recommended Practice applies to fasteners/fixing nuts as specified in SAE J694 and SAE J1835 used for disc wheels and demountable rim attachment respectively. Only the test methods necessary to ensure proper wheel or rim assembly are specified. Fasteners for less common and special applications are not included.

This SAE Information Report provides general information for installing and tightening fluid conductors and connectors. Following these guidelines, with the consistent proper use of torque wrenches, tightening procedures, and correct torque levels, will result in diminishing leaks and improving service life by avoiding hose twisting, tube binding, false torque, and improper joint closures. Since many factors influence the pressure at which a hydraulic system will or will not perform satisfactorily, this report should not be used as a “standard” nor a “specification,” and the values shown should not be construed as “guaranteed” minimums, maximums, or absolutes. This document is an information report to help users by gathering available information from the various connector standards and publishing the information in one source for easy retrieval and applied common usage. This SAE Information Report is primarily intended for mobile/stationary industrial equipment applications.

This part of SAE J514 covers general and dimensional specifications for 37 degree flared tube fittings. Also included are 37 degree flared fittings with NPTF pipe threads in Appendix B. These fittings are intended for general application in hydraulic systems on industrial equipment and commercial products. These fittings are capable of providing leak-proof, full flow connections in hydraulic systems operating at working pressures as specified in Table 6. Since many factors influence the pressure at which a hydraulic system will or will not perform satisfactorily, the values shown in Table 6 should not be construed as a guaranteed minimum. For any application, it is recommended that sufficient testing be conducted and reviewed by both the user and fitting manufacturer to assure that performance levels will be safe and satisfactory.

This SAE Standard provides a comprehensive list of guidelines for the selection, identification, and control of metric- and inch-sized fasteners for use in shipboard applications for both shipbuilder installed joints and for use in shipboard components. This guidance includes the following: a Fastener material selection. b Fastener thread form and fit selection. c Selection of fastener finish, when needed. d Selection of locking devices and elements, when needed. e Selection of screw thread fastener inserts, when needed. f Use of fastener part or identifying numbers. g Identification marking requirements.

This document establishes standard graphical symbols and color conventions for use in either still (static) or animated graphics used for communicating service information. This document’s purpose is to communicate conventions for using those symbols and colors to accurately and consistently communicate intended information via graphics-based documentation. These practices are intended for use in service procedures, assembly instructions, training materials, and similar applications when trying to minimize the amount of human natural language text used within the document. The still and animated graphical conventions referenced should support effective communication via paper and “traditional” electronic media. The conventions can also extend to documenting via additional electronic delivery paradigms such as augmented reality (AR).

Applies to hydraulic cylinders which are components of off-road self-propelled work machines defined in SAE J1116.

Many methods have been developed to evaluate the fatigue life of structures when the joints are as per ideal case. But if the joints are loosening, it leads to increase in loading on the other members which causes failures. Most commonly in commercial vehicle segment welding joint & bolting joints are most popular ones. It is very easy to find out bolts strength & loosening effect in static conditions. But when vehicle is moving (i.e. dynamic condition), same method cannot be used. For this we have developed methodology to predict the bolts loosening in dynamic condition using vibration data. Similarly, loading may differ on the structural members if the welds are failing in dynamic conditions. To overcome this problem, in our organization we have a solution. Of course to simulate welding failures fatigue analysis is mandatory. We are using notch-stress approach for evaluating the welding strength of the joint.

This SAE Recommended Practice contains dimensions and their tolerances concerning disc wheel to hub or drum interface areas for truck and bus applications. Disc wheels designed only for single wheel applications (not dual wheels) for light trucks and special or less common applications are not covered in this document.

This SAE Standard establishes a uniform testing procedure and performance requirements for a snowmobile brake control systems.

Applies to hydraulic cylinders which are components of Off-Road Work Machines defined in SAE J1116.