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Heavy vehicles such as construction machinery generally require a large traction force. For this reason, axle components are equipped with a final reduction gear to provide a structure that can generate a large traction force. Basic analysis of vertical load, horizontal load (traction force), centrifugal force, and torsional torque applied to the wheels of heavy vehicles such as construction machinery and industrial vehicles, as well as actual working load analysis during actual operations, were conducted and compiled into a load analysis diagram. The loosening tendency of wheel bolts and nuts that fasten the wheel under actual working load was measured, and the loosening analysis method was presented. The causes of wheel fall-off accidents in heavy trucks, which have recently become a problem, were examined. Wheel bolts are generally tightened by the calibrated wrench method using a torque wrench.

In this study, we propose a method of measuring and analyzing the load on bolted joints used in a machine under off-road vehicle operation. Working load measurement under actual machine operation and the results of its analysis are shown as load frequency diagrams. An example of the measurement analysis of a load (three types of load: axial force, bending moment, and torsional torque) added to a bolted joint shank during actual machine operation is shown. In this paper, we describe how to apply the results of load analysis to the load condition at the design and experimental development stages.

This investigation describes a method for estimating the absolute lock effect in bolted joint. Observation results of loosening phenomenon in industrial vehicle are analyzed for the linear relation by the proposed regression formula. Based on the relation, in early stages of the development test, the rate of clamping force decrease can be estimated accurately after prolonged operation by measuring the clamping force behavior. The tendency to decrease is observed about the depression type and working load type loosening. For evaluation design bases, the residual clamping force estimation chart is established. The L-N (Loosening Lifetime - Number of Cycles to Loosening N) diagram is proposed for the loosening lifetime prediction for working load type loosening also. Using the loosening damage (cumulative decrease of clamping force) and L-N diagram, the lifetime to loosening failure can be predicted accurately for the locking device and method as an absolute evaluation.