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Heavy-duty transportation is one of the sectors that contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. One way to reduce CO2 emissions is to use drop-in fuels. However, when drop-in fuels are used, i.e., higher blends of alternative fuels are added to conventional fuels, solubility problems and precipitation in the fuel can occur. As a result, insolubles in the fuel can clog the fuel filters and interfere with the proper functioning of the injectors. This adversely affects engine performance and increases fuel consumption. These problems are expected to increase with the development of more advanced fuel systems to meet upcoming environmental regulations. This work investigates the composition of the deposits formed inside the injectors of the heavy-duty diesel engine and discusses their formation mechanism. Injectors with internal deposits were collected from field trucks throughout Europe. Similar content, location and structure were found for all the deposits in the studied injectors.

In recent years, the removal of lead (Pb), which is an environmentally hazardous material often used in bearings for automotive engines, has been continuously promoted. Bismuth (Bi) is attracting attention as a substitute for lead, and it is currently being used mainly for passenger cars and trucks as a lead replacement. However, lead has not been replaced for motorcycles where the bearings are exposed to high temperatures at high rotation speeds, and trucks and generators where high loading capacity, long lifetime and good corrosion resistance are required. It has been difficult to achieve both high load and corrosion resistant for a bearing overlay material. The purpose of this development is to improve the corrosion resistance and fatigue resistance of bismuth overlay by developing a bismuth- antimony alloy overlay in which antimony (Sb) is added to the bismuth matrix.

Cold spray (CS) is a rapidly developing solid-state repair and coating process, wherein metal deposition is produced without significant heating or melting of metal powder. Solid state bonding of powder particles is produced by impact of high-velocity powder particles on a substrate. In CS process, metal powder particles typically of Aluminum or Copper are suspended in light weight carrier gas medium. Here high pressure and high temperature carrier gas is expanded through a converging-diverging nozzle to generate supersonic gas velocity at nozzle exit. The CS process typically uses Helium as the carrier gas due to its low molecular weight, but Helium gas is quite expensive. This warrants a need to explore alternate carrier gases to make the CS repair process more economical. Researchers are exploring another viable option of using pure Nitrogen as a carrier gas due to its significant cost benefits over Helium.

This SAE Standard covers complete general and dimensional specifications for the various types of tube fittings intended for general application in the automotive, appliance, and allied fields. See SAE J1131 for the performance requirements of reusable (push to connect) fittings intended for use in automotive air brake systems. Flare type fittings shall be as specified in Figures 1 to 4 and Tables 3 to 5. NOTE—For sizes 3/16 to 3/8 and 1/2 to 3/4 the flare type fittings depicted in Figures 1A to 3C are identical with the corresponding refrigeration tube fittings specified in SAE J513. Special size combination fittings 3/16 to 3/8 and 1/2 to 3/4 shall be as specified in SAE J513. Inverted flared type fittings shall be as specified in Figures 5 to 11 and Tables 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Gages and gaging procedures pertaining to inverted flared tube fittings are given in Appendix A.

This SAE Standard covers complete general and dimensional specifications for tube fittings of the spherical and flanged sleeve compression types for use in the piping of air brake systems on automotive vehicles. The spherical sleeve compression type Figures 1A to 5 and Tables 1 to 3 is intended for use with annealed copper alloy tubing per SAE J1149, Type 1. The flanged sleeve compression type Figures 6A to 11 and Tables 4 to 6 is intended for use with nylon tubing per SAE J844. It is not intended to restrict or preclude other designs of a tube fitting for use with SAE J844, air brake tubing. Performance requirements for SAE J844 are covered in SAE J1131. See SAE J1131 for the Performance Requirements of Reusable (Push to Connect) Fittings Intended for Use in Automotive Air Brake Systems.

Engine mounts are an integral part of the vehicle that helps in reducing the vibrations generated from the engine. Engine mounts require a simple yet complicated amalgamation of two very different materials, steel and rubber. Proper adhesion between the two is required to prevent any part failure. Therefore, it becomes important that a comprehensive study is done to understand the mating phenomenon of both. A good linking between rubber and metal substrate is governed by surface pretreatment. Various methodologies such as mechanical and chemical are adopted for the same. This paper aims to present a comparative study as to which surface pretreatment has an edge over other techniques in terms of separation force required to break the bonding between the two parts. The study also presents a cost comparison between the techniques so that the best possible technique can be put to use in the commercial vehicle industry.

Research activities in the development of reliable computational models for aftertreatment systems are constantly increasing in the automotive field. These investigations are essential in order to get a complete understanding of the main catalytic processes which clearly have a great impact on tailpipe emissions. In this work, a 1D chemical reaction model to simulate the catalytic activity of a Pd/Rh Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) for a Natural Gas heavy-duty engine is presented. An extensive database of tests carried out with the use of a Synthetic Gas Bench (SGB) has been collected to investigate the methane abatement pathways, linked to the lambda variation and oxide formation on palladium surface. Specific steady-state tests have shown a dynamics of the methane conversion even at fixed λ and temperature conditions, essentially due to the Pd/PdO ratio.

At the convergence of 3D-printing and lithium battery technology, Hong Kong researchers develop a promising textile-based, foldable battery that may find its way onto IoT-connected fabrics within automotive, aerospace, and medical industries.

Nonferrous materials are malleable, are non-magnetic, and have no iron content which gives them higher resistance to rust and corrosion. The following five eLearning courses are included in the Nonferrous Metals bundle.  Each course is approximately one-hour in duration. See Topics/Outline for additional details. Introduction to Physical Properties  This course provides an an overview of manufacturing materials and their physical properties, including thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties and introduces volumetric characteristics, such as mass, weight, and density.

The combustion process in a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine is mainly governed by ignition wave propagation. The in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and the emission characteristics are thus largely driven by the chemical kinetics of the fuel. As a result, CFD simulation of such combustion process is very sensitive to the employed reaction mechanism, which model the real chemical kinetics of the fuel. In order to perform engine simulation with a range of operating conditions and cylinder-piston geometry for the design and optimization purpose, it is essential to have a chemical kinetic mechanism that is both accurate and computational inexpensive. In this paper, we report on the evaluation of several chemical kinetic mechanisms for methanol combustion, including large mechanisms and skeletal/reduced mechanisms.

Two new installments in the burgeoning SAE International Podcast Series cast a spotlight on additive manufacturing, which is fueling innovation, greater efficiencies, and the future of mobility engineering. Additive manufacturing continues to advance and transform mobility engineering, as aerospace and automotive firms increasingly adopt and invest in 3D printing technologies, which are becoming more capable and cost-effective.

This SAE Standard covers complete general and dimensional specifications for tube fittings of the spherical and flanged sleeve compression types for use in the piping of air brake systems on automotive vehicles. The spherical sleeve compression type Figures 1A to 5 and Tables 1 to 3 is intended for use with annealed copper alloy tubing per SAE J1149, Type 1. The flanged sleeve compression type Figures 6A to 11 and Tables 4 to 6 is intended for use with nylon tubing per SAE J844. It is not intended to restrict or preclude other designs of a tube fitting for use with SAE J844, air brake tubing. Performance requirements for SAE J844 are covered in SAE J1131. See SAE J1131 for the Performance Requirements of Reusable (Push to Connect) Fittings Intended for Use in Automotive Air Brake Systems.

Low viscosity engine oils are considered a feasible solution for improving fuel economy in internal combustion engines (ICE). So, the aim of this study was to verify experimentally the performance of low viscosity engine oils regarding their degradation process and possible related engine wear, since the use of low viscosity engine oils could imply higher degradation rates and/or unwanted wear performance. Potential higher wear could result in a reduction in life cycle for the ICE, and higher degradation rates would be translated in a reduction of the oil drain period, both of them non-desired effects. In addition, currently limited data are available regarding “real-world” performance of low viscosity engine oils in a real service fleet.

This SAE Standard covers general dimensional specifications for non-metallic body reusable push to connect tube fittings for use in the piping of air brake systems on automotive vehicles. This type of fitting is intended for use with nylon tubing per SAE J844. It is not intended to restrict or preclude other designs of a tube fitting for use with SAE J844. Performance requirements for SAE J844 are covered in SAE J1131. See SAE J2494-3 for the performance requirements of Reusable (push-to-connect) fittings intended for use in Automotive Air Brake Systems and U.S. Department of Transportation FMVSS 571.106.

This SAE Standard covers general and dimensional specifications for brass bodied reusable Push to Connect tube fittings for use in the piping of vehicular air brake systems. This type of fitting is intended for use with nylon tubing per SAE J844. See SAE J2494-3 for the Performance Requirements of Reusable (Push to Connect) Fittings Intended for Use in Automotive Air Brake Systems and U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 571.

This SAE Standard covers complete general and dimensional specifications for the various types of tube fittings intended for general application in the automotive, appliance, and allied fields. See SAE J1131 for the performance requirements of reusable (push to connect) fittings intended for use in automotive air brake systems. Flare type fittings shall be as specified in Figures 1 to 4 and Tables 3 to 5. NOTE—For sizes 3/16 to 3/8 and 1/2 to 3/4 the flare type fittings depicted in Figures 1A to 3C are identical with the corresponding refrigeration tube fittings specified in SAE J513. Special size combination fittings 3/16 to 3/8 and 1/2 to 3/4 shall be as specified in SAE J513. Inverted flared type fittings shall be as specified in Figures 5 to 11 and Tables 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Gages and gaging procedures pertaining to inverted flared tube fittings are given in Appendix A.

In this study a 1-dimensional computational model of a Fe-Zeolite catalyst, implementing conservation of mass, species and energy for both gas and catalyst surface phases has been developed to simulate emissions conversion performance. It is applied to both a fresh catalyst and one that has been aged through exposure to the exhaust system of a Heavy Duty Diesel engine performing in the field for 376K miles. Details of the chemical kinetics associated with the various NOx reduction reactions in the two Fe-Zeolite configurations have been examined and correlated with data from a synthetic gas rig test bench. It was found that the Standard reaction, (4NH3 + 4NO + O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O), which is one of the main reactions for NOx reduction, degraded significantly at the lower temperatures for the aged system.

Spring steels are the materials most commonly used in suspensions of vehicles and are subject to heavy efforts in terms of load, impact and also under intense fatigue solicitation. Required mechanical performance depends mainly on the chemical composition and heat treatments. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to compare SAE 5160 steel with one Super Clean steel developed in Slovenia. Searches improving mechanical properties of these steels are constantly present in the automotive industry, reducing vehicle weight and maintaining safety. In this scenario, cryogenic treatment in combination with quenching and tempering has shown interesting results in the scientific literature for tool steels and the best results for cryogenics are achieved when the treatment occurs for long duration as 24 hours.

Degradation of the deNOx performance has been found in in-use heavy-duty vehicles with a urea-SCR system in Japan. The causes of the degradation were studied, and two major reasons are suggested here: HC poisoning and deactivation of pre-oxidation catalysts. Hydrocarbons that accumulated on the catalysts inhibited the catalysis. Although they were easily removed by a simple heat treatment, the treatment could only partially recover the original catalytic performance for the deNOx reaction. The unrecovered catalytic activity was found to result from the decrease in conversion of NO to NO2 on the pre-oxidation catalyst. The pre-oxidation catalyst was thus studied in detail by various techniques to reveal the causes of the degradation: Exhaust emission tests for in-use vehicles, effect of heat treatment on the urea-SCR systems, structural changes and chemical changes in active components during the deactivation were systematically investigated.

All previous correlations of the ignition delay (ID) period in diesel combustion show a positive activation energy, which means that shorter ID periods are achieved at higher charge temperatures. This is not the case in the autoignition of most homogeneous hydrocarbons-air mixtures where they experience the NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient ) regime in the intermediate temperature range, from about 800 K to 1000 K). Here, the autoignition reactions slow down and longer ID periods are experienced at higher temperatures. Accordingly the global activation energy for the autoignition reactions of homogeneous mixtures should vary from positive to negative values.