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Determining occupant kinematics in a vehicle crash is essential when understanding injury mechanisms and assessing restraint performance. Identifying contact marks is key to the process. This study was conducted to assess the ability to photodocument the various fluids on different vehicle interior component types and colors with and without the use of ultraviolet (UV) lights. Biological (blood, saliva, sweat and skin), consumable and chemical fluids were applied to vehicle interior components, such as seatbelt webbing, seat and airbag fabrics, roof liner and leather steering wheel. The samples were photodocumented with natural light and UV light (365 nm) exposure immediately after surface application and again 14 days later. The review of the photos indicated that fabric type and color were important factors. The fluids deposits were better visualized on non-porous than porous materials. For example, blood was better documented on curtain airbags than side or driver airbags.

The phenomenon of liquid transfer in the liquid tank of the semi-trailer vehicle for transporting dangerous cargo (SVTDC) during braking is analyzed and the relevant mathematical model is established. The braking dynamic model of the SVTDC considering the liquid sloshing in the tank is established, and the model is verified based on the co-simulation method. Based on the typical conditions, the braking deceleration and axle load calculation functions of the model are simulated and analyzed, and the application prospect of the model in the development of driving automation control strategy is discussed.

Heavy-duty transportation is one of the sectors that contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. One way to reduce CO2 emissions is to use drop-in fuels. However, when drop-in fuels are used, i.e., higher blends of alternative fuels are added to conventional fuels, solubility problems and precipitation in the fuel can occur. As a result, insolubles in the fuel can clog the fuel filters and interfere with the proper functioning of the injectors. This adversely affects engine performance and increases fuel consumption. These problems are expected to increase with the development of more advanced fuel systems to meet upcoming environmental regulations. This work investigates the composition of the deposits formed inside the injectors of the heavy-duty diesel engine and discusses their formation mechanism. Injectors with internal deposits were collected from field trucks throughout Europe. Similar content, location and structure were found for all the deposits in the studied injectors.

In recent years, the removal of lead (Pb), which is an environmentally hazardous material often used in bearings for automotive engines, has been continuously promoted. Bismuth (Bi) is attracting attention as a substitute for lead, and it is currently being used mainly for passenger cars and trucks as a lead replacement. However, lead has not been replaced for motorcycles where the bearings are exposed to high temperatures at high rotation speeds, and trucks and generators where high loading capacity, long lifetime and good corrosion resistance are required. It has been difficult to achieve both high load and corrosion resistant for a bearing overlay material. The purpose of this development is to improve the corrosion resistance and fatigue resistance of bismuth overlay by developing a bismuth- antimony alloy overlay in which antimony (Sb) is added to the bismuth matrix.

Cold spray (CS) is a rapidly developing solid-state repair and coating process, wherein metal deposition is produced without significant heating or melting of metal powder. Solid state bonding of powder particles is produced by impact of high-velocity powder particles on a substrate. In CS process, metal powder particles typically of Aluminum or Copper are suspended in light weight carrier gas medium. Here high pressure and high temperature carrier gas is expanded through a converging-diverging nozzle to generate supersonic gas velocity at nozzle exit. The CS process typically uses Helium as the carrier gas due to its low molecular weight, but Helium gas is quite expensive. This warrants a need to explore alternate carrier gases to make the CS repair process more economical. Researchers are exploring another viable option of using pure Nitrogen as a carrier gas due to its significant cost benefits over Helium.

This specification covers polythioether rubber fuel resistant sealing compounds, supplied as a two-component system, which cure rapidly when exposed to a cure on demand (CoD) light source used to initiate a reaction that generates crosslinking of sealant polymers. Type 2 compounds also cure at ambient conditions, without light exposure.

This SAE Standard covers complete general and dimensional specifications for the various types of tube fittings intended for general application in the automotive, appliance, and allied fields. See SAE J1131 for the performance requirements of reusable (push to connect) fittings intended for use in automotive air brake systems. Flare type fittings shall be as specified in Figures 1 to 4 and Tables 3 to 5. NOTE—For sizes 3/16 to 3/8 and 1/2 to 3/4 the flare type fittings depicted in Figures 1A to 3C are identical with the corresponding refrigeration tube fittings specified in SAE J513. Special size combination fittings 3/16 to 3/8 and 1/2 to 3/4 shall be as specified in SAE J513. Inverted flared type fittings shall be as specified in Figures 5 to 11 and Tables 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Gages and gaging procedures pertaining to inverted flared tube fittings are given in Appendix A.

This SAE Standard covers complete general and dimensional specifications for tube fittings of the spherical and flanged sleeve compression types for use in the piping of air brake systems on automotive vehicles. The spherical sleeve compression type Figures 1A to 5 and Tables 1 to 3 is intended for use with annealed copper alloy tubing per SAE J1149, Type 1. The flanged sleeve compression type Figures 6A to 11 and Tables 4 to 6 is intended for use with nylon tubing per SAE J844. It is not intended to restrict or preclude other designs of a tube fitting for use with SAE J844, air brake tubing. Performance requirements for SAE J844 are covered in SAE J1131. See SAE J1131 for the Performance Requirements of Reusable (Push to Connect) Fittings Intended for Use in Automotive Air Brake Systems.

Engine mounts are an integral part of the vehicle that helps in reducing the vibrations generated from the engine. Engine mounts require a simple yet complicated amalgamation of two very different materials, steel and rubber. Proper adhesion between the two is required to prevent any part failure. Therefore, it becomes important that a comprehensive study is done to understand the mating phenomenon of both. A good linking between rubber and metal substrate is governed by surface pretreatment. Various methodologies such as mechanical and chemical are adopted for the same. This paper aims to present a comparative study as to which surface pretreatment has an edge over other techniques in terms of separation force required to break the bonding between the two parts. The study also presents a cost comparison between the techniques so that the best possible technique can be put to use in the commercial vehicle industry.

According to research studies, epidemics such as SARS, COVID-19 spread have caused huge negative impacts on population, health and the economy around the globe. The outbreak places a huge burden on international health systems that were already straining to address AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and a host of other conditions. Research has proven that incase infected person is not traced timely then the spread of infection in society will take the shape of large-scale community transmission. Most of the infections spread because they got unnoticed by the infected person. One part of the access checker scans is a person’s body temperature by measuring infrared radiation emitted by their skin. Fever screening by infrared thermal imaging has become more widespread following the SARS infection, and particularly during the pandemic H1N1 and COVID-19 outbreak. Skin temperature is measured without contact by monitoring the emitted infrared radiation.

This SAE Standard provides safety requirements for vacuum excavation and sewer cleaning equipment. This document is not intended to cover equipment addressed by other on-road federal, state, and local regulations. Truck-mounted or trailer-mounted vehicles are required to meet local or regional on-road requirements, as applicable.

Research activities in the development of reliable computational models for aftertreatment systems are constantly increasing in the automotive field. These investigations are essential in order to get a complete understanding of the main catalytic processes which clearly have a great impact on tailpipe emissions. In this work, a 1D chemical reaction model to simulate the catalytic activity of a Pd/Rh Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) for a Natural Gas heavy-duty engine is presented. An extensive database of tests carried out with the use of a Synthetic Gas Bench (SGB) has been collected to investigate the methane abatement pathways, linked to the lambda variation and oxide formation on palladium surface. Specific steady-state tests have shown a dynamics of the methane conversion even at fixed λ and temperature conditions, essentially due to the Pd/PdO ratio.

This document applies to off-road forestry work machines defined in SAE J1116 or ISO 6814.

This document applies to the development of Plans for integrating and managing COTS assemblies in electronic equipment and Systems for the commercial, military, and space markets; as well as other ADHP markets that wish to use this document. For purposes of this document, COTS assemblies are viewed as electronic assemblies such as printed wiring assemblies, relays, disk drives, LCD matrices, VME circuit cards, servers, printers, laptop computers, etc. There are many ways to categorize COTS assemblies1, including the following spectrum: At one end of the spectrum are COTS assemblies whose design, internal parts2, materials, configuration control, traceability, reliability, and qualification methods are at least partially controlled, or influenced, by ADHP customers (either individually or collectively). An example at this end of the spectrum is a VME circuit card assembly.

This SAE standard provides safety requirements for vacuum excavation and sewer cleaning equipment. This document is not intended to cover equipment addressed by other on-road federal, state, and local regulations. Truck-mounted or trailer-mounted vehicles are required to meet local or regional on-road requirements, as applicable.

As the FTP-75 drive cycle does not have a prescribed gear shift pattern, automotive OEMs have the flexibility to design. Conventionally, gear shift pattern was formulated based on trial and error method, typically with 10 to 12 iterations on chassis dynamometer. It was a time consuming (i.e. ~ 3 to 4 months) and expensive process. This approach led to declaring poor fuel economy (FE). A simulation procedure was required to generate a gear shift pattern that gives optimal trade-off amongst conflicting objectives (FE, performance and emissions). As a result, a simulation tool was developed in MATLAB to generate an optimum gear shift pattern. Three different SUV/UV models were used as test vehicles in this study. Chassis dyno testing was conducted, and data was collected using the base and optimized gear shift patterns. Dyno test results with optimized gear shift pattern showed FE improvement of ~ 4 to 5% while retaining the NOx margin well above engineering targets.

At the convergence of 3D-printing and lithium battery technology, Hong Kong researchers develop a promising textile-based, foldable battery that may find its way onto IoT-connected fabrics within automotive, aerospace, and medical industries.

Nonferrous materials are malleable, are non-magnetic, and have no iron content which gives them higher resistance to rust and corrosion. The following five eLearning courses are included in the Nonferrous Metals bundle.  Each course is approximately one-hour in duration. See Topics/Outline for additional details. Introduction to Physical Properties  This course provides an an overview of manufacturing materials and their physical properties, including thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties and introduces volumetric characteristics, such as mass, weight, and density.

The combustion process in a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine is mainly governed by ignition wave propagation. The in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and the emission characteristics are thus largely driven by the chemical kinetics of the fuel. As a result, CFD simulation of such combustion process is very sensitive to the employed reaction mechanism, which model the real chemical kinetics of the fuel. In order to perform engine simulation with a range of operating conditions and cylinder-piston geometry for the design and optimization purpose, it is essential to have a chemical kinetic mechanism that is both accurate and computational inexpensive. In this paper, we report on the evaluation of several chemical kinetic mechanisms for methanol combustion, including large mechanisms and skeletal/reduced mechanisms.