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Lightweight materials are in great demand in the automotive sector to enhance system performance. The automotive sector uses composite materials to strengthen the physical and mechanical qualities of light weight materials and to improve their functionality. Automotive elements such as the body shell, braking system, steering, engine, battery, seat, dashboard, bumper, wheel, door panelling, and gearbox are made of lightweight materials. Lightweight automotive metals are gradually replacing low-carbon steel and cast iron in automobile manufacture. Aluminium alloys, Magnesium alloys, Titanium alloys, advanced high-strength steel, Ultra-high strength steel, carbon fiber-reinforced polymers, and polymer composites are examples of materials used for light weighing or automobile decreased weight. The ever-present demand for fuel-efficient and ecologically friendly transport vehicles has heightened awareness of lowering weight and performance development.

Tippers used for transporting blue metal, construction and mining material is designed with different types of load body to suit the material being carried, capacity and its application. These load bodies are constructed with high strength material to withstand forces under various operating conditions. Structural strength verification of load body using FEM is conducted, by modelling forces due to payload as a pressure function on the panels of the load body. The spatial variation of pressure is typically assumed. In discrete element method (DEM) granular payload material such as gravel, wet or dry sand, coal etc., can be modelled by accounting its flow and interaction with structure of load body for prediction of force/pressure distribution. In this paper, coupled FE-DEM is used for determining pressure distribution on loading surfaces of a tipper body structure of a heavy commercial vehicle during loading, unloading and transportation.

The mechanization of crops causes problems in soil structure as it causes compaction. Compaction can be severe depending on the type of tire adopted in the field. Producers are concerned with selecting wheelsets that harm the soil less and remembering to save resources when buying agricultural tires. Agricultural tires are more expensive than road tires, and truck tires can be an alternative for producers to save money. The present study evaluated the interaction between wheelset and ground in a fixed tire testing unit, comparing the impact of different tire models on bare ground. The 6 treatments performed consisted of 3 tire models (p1: road radial, composed of double wheelset - 2×275/80r22.5; p2: agricultural radial - 600/50r22.5; and p3: agricultural diagonal - 600/50-22.5) versus two contact surfaces, one rigid and the other with bare agricultural soil. Seven response variables were used to apply Regression analysis and descriptive statistics.

The SAE Recommended Practice establishes minimum performance requirements and related uniform laboratory test procedures for evaluating lateral (curb) impact collision resistance of all wheels intended for use on passenger cars and light trucks.

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a uniform test procedure for evaluating performance of operator enclosure pressurization systems for construction, general-purpose industrial, agricultural, forestry, and specialized mining machinery as categorized in SAE J1116 for off-road, self-propelled work machines.

The scope of this SAE Standard is the definition of the functional, environmental, and life cycle test requirements for electrically operated backup alarm devices primarily intended for use on off-road, self-propelled work machines as defined by SAE J1116 (limited to categories of (1) construction, and (2) general purpose industrial).

The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to verify that vehicles and/or components are capable of communicating a required set of information, which is described by the diagnostic messages specified in SAE J1939-73, that is in accordance with off-board diagnostic tool interface requirements contained in the government regulations cited below. This document describes the tests, methods, and results for verifying diagnostic communications from an off-board diagnostic tool (i.e., scan tool) to a vehicle and/or component. SAE members have generated this document to serve as a guide for testing vehicles for compliance with ARB and other requirements for emissions-related on-board diagnostic (OBD) functions for heavy-duty engines used in medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. The development of HD OBD regulations by U.S.

Materials play a key role in our day to day life and have shaped the industrial revolution to a great extent. Right selection of material for meeting a particular objective is the key to success in today’s world where the cost as well as sustainability of any equipment or a system have assumed greater significance than ever before. In automotive industry, materials have a definitive role as far as the mobility and safety is concerned. Materials that can absorb the required energy or impact can be manufactured through different manufacturing as well as metallurgical processes which involves appropriate heat treatment and bringing correct chemical compositions etc. However, they can also be formed by simpler methods such as combining certain materials together in the form of layered combinations to form light weight composites.

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform Installation Parameters for desiccant Air Dryers for vehicles with compressed air systems.

This SAE Standard incorporates driving cycles that produce fuel consumption data relating to Urban, Suburban, and Interstate driving patterns and is intended to be used to determine the relative fuel economy among vehicles and driving patterns under warmed-up conditions on test tracks, suitable roads, or chassis dynamometers.1

With the development of highway transportation and automobile industry technology, highway truck overload phenomenon occurs frequently, which poses a danger to road safety and personnel life safety. So it is very important to identify the overload phenomenon. Traditionally, static detection is adopted for overload identification, which has low efficiency. Aiming at this phenomenon, a dynamic overload identification method is proposed. Firstly, the coupled road excitation model of vehicle speed and speed bump is established, and then the 4-DOF vehicle model of half car is established. At the same time, considering that the double input vibration of the front and rear wheels will be coupled when vehicle passes through the speed bump, the model is decoupled. Then, the vertical trajectory of the body in the front axle position is obtained by Carsim software simulation.

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation aimed to assess the effect of tire inflation pressure on the fuel consumption of a typical 4×4 off-road vehicle over unprepared soft terrains. For this purpose, a fourteen-degrees-of-freedom (14-DOF) full parametrized vehicle model is employed and numerically simulated in MATLAB/Simulink™ environment. This model is intended to consider all the rotational dynamics and compliances of all-wheel-drivetrain aggregates using SimDriveline™ toolbox including engine, transmission, differentials, shafts and wheels. Numerous simulations are carried out to examine both the tractive efficiency and fuel consumption considering all power losses in transmission, terrains and tire slippage over different operating conditions such as terrain’s mechanical properties, tire weight distribution and drivetrain configurations (open or locked center differential).

Proton Exchange Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are considered one of the most prominent technologies to decarbonize the transportation sector, with emphasis on long-haul/long-range trucks, off-highway, maritime and railway. The flow field of reactants is dictated by the layout of machined channels in the bipolar plates, and several established designs (e.g., parallel channels, single/multi-pass serpentine) coexist both in research and industry. In this context, the flow behavior at cathode embodies multiple complexities, namely an accurate control of the inlet/outlet humidity for optimal membrane hydration, pressure losses, water removal at high current density, and the limitation of laminar regime. However, a robust methodology is missing to compare and quantify such aspects among the candidate designs, resulting in a variety of configurations in use with no justification of the specific choice.

In marine or stationary engines, consistent engine performance must be guaranteed for long-haul operations. A dual-fuel combustion strategy was used to reduce the emissions of particulates and nitrogen oxides in marine engines. However, in this case, the combustion stability was highly affected by environmental factors. To ensure consistent engine performance, the in-cylinder pressure measured by piezoelectric pressure sensors is generally measured to analyze combustion characteristics. However, the vulnerability to thermal drift and breakage of sensors leads to additional maintenance costs. Therefore, an indirect measurement via a reconstruction model of the in-cylinder pressure from engine block vibrations was developed. The in-cylinder pressure variation is directly related to the block vibration; however, numerous noise sources exist (such as, valve impact, piston slap, and air flowage).

Mixture formation in a hydrogen-fueled heavy-duty engine with direct injection and a nearly-quiescent top-hat combustion chamber was investigated using laser-induced fluorescence imaging, with 1,4-difluorobenzene serving as a fluorescent tracer seeded into hydrogen. The engine was motored at 1200 rpm, 1.0 bar intake pressure, and 335 K intake temperature. An outward opening medium-pressure hollow-cone injector was operated at two different injection pressures and five different injection timings from early injection during the intake stroke to late injection towards the end of compression stroke. Fuel fumigation upstream of the intake provided a well-mixed reference case for image calibration. This paper presents the evolution of in-cylinder equivalence ratio distribution evaluated during the injection event itself for the cylinder-axis plane and during the compression stroke at different positions of the light sheet within the swirl plane.

This SAE Standard establishes the maximum gradient rating during hopper discharge of self-propelled, driver-operated sweepers and scrubbers as defined by SAE J2130-1 and SAE J2130-2.

This SAE Standard defines methods and apparatus to evaluate electronic devices for immunity to potential interference from conducted transients along battery feed or switched ignition inputs. Test apparatus specifications outlined in this procedure were developed for components installed in vehicles with 12-V systems (passenger cars and light trucks, 12-V heavy-duty trucks, and vehicles with 24-V systems). Presently, it is not intended for use on other input/output (I/O) lines of the device under test (DUT).

This SAE Standard defines methods and apparatus to evaluate electronic devices for immunity to potential interference from conducted transients along battery feed or switched ignition inputs. Test apparatus specifications outlined in this procedure were developed for components installed in vehicles with 12-V systems (passenger cars and light trucks, 12-V heavy-duty trucks, and vehicles with 24-V systems). Presently, it is not intended for use on other input/output (I/O) lines of the device under test (DUT).

This document applies primarily to mobile cranes that lift loads by means of a drum and hoist line mechanism. It can be used to determine the hoist line speed and power of other hoist line mechanisms, if the load can be held constant and hoist line travel distance is sufficient for the accuracy of the line speed measurements prescribed. This recommended practice applies to all mechanical, hydraulic, and electric powered hoist mechanisms.