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Determining occupant kinematics in a vehicle crash is essential when understanding injury mechanisms and assessing restraint performance. Identifying contact marks is key to the process. This study was conducted to assess the ability to photodocument the various fluids on different vehicle interior component types and colors with and without the use of ultraviolet (UV) lights. Biological (blood, saliva, sweat and skin), consumable and chemical fluids were applied to vehicle interior components, such as seatbelt webbing, seat and airbag fabrics, roof liner and leather steering wheel. The samples were photodocumented with natural light and UV light (365 nm) exposure immediately after surface application and again 14 days later. The review of the photos indicated that fabric type and color were important factors. The fluids deposits were better visualized on non-porous than porous materials. For example, blood was better documented on curtain airbags than side or driver airbags.

The passive safety performance of a child seat is modulated by the design features of the child seat and the vehicle interior. For example, in the rear-facing configuration, the child seat impacting front structures increases the head injury risk during a frontal crash. Therefore, this study evaluates the effectiveness of the load leg countermeasure in improving the child seat's overall kinematics and its capability to prevent the secondary impact on the vehicle interior structure in a severe frontal crash scenario. An in-depth, real-world crash investigation involving a properly installed rear-facing child seat impacting the center console was selected for the study where the infant sustained a severe brain injury. In addition, this crash is employed to choose the crash parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of the load leg countermeasure in a similar scenario.

Abstract Introduction: The use of less lethal impact munitions (LLIMs) by law enforcement has increased in frequency, especially following nationwide protests regarding police brutality and racial injustice in the summer of 2020. There are several reports of the projectiles causing severe injuries when they penetrate the skin including pulmonary contusions, bone fractures, liver lacerations, and, in some cases, death. The penetration threshold of skin in different body regions is due to differences in the underlying structure (varying degree of muscle, adipose tissue, and presence or absence of bone). Objective: The objective of this study was to further investigate what factors affected the likelihood of skin penetration in various body regions and to develop corresponding penetration risk curves.

This SAE Standard describes head position contours and procedures for locating the contours in a vehicle. Head position contours are useful in establishing accommodation requirements for head space and are required for several measures defined in SAE J1100. Separate contours are defined depending on occupant seat location and the desired percentage (95 and 99) of occupant accommodation. This document is primarily focused on application to Class A vehicles (see SAE J1100), which include most personal-use vehicles (passenger cars, sport utility vehicles, pick-up trucks). A procedure for use in Class B vehicles can be found in Appendix B.

This SAE Standard describes head position contours and procedures for locating the contours in a vehicle. Head position contours are useful in establishing accommodation requirements for head space and are required for several measures defined in SAE J1100. Separate contours are defined depending on occupant seat location and the desired percentage (95 and 99) of occupant accommodation. This document is primarily focused on application to Class A vehicles (see SAE J1100), which include most personal-use vehicles (passenger cars, sport utility vehicles, pick-up trucks). A procedure for use in Class B vehicles can be found in Appendix B.

This paper presents an analysis on the position of driver eye height as a function of their standing height, weight, biological sex, seat back angle and seat bottom angle. Typically, eye heights are estimated based on standing height, or measured from a rigid seated position with a vertical seat back. While reasonably close, these estimated eye heights are generally not correct for individuals seated in deformable vehicle seats with non-vertical seat back angles. Thus, these measurements tend to overestimate the participants eye height in more ecologically probable scenarios, such as driver eye height while operating a vehicle. In this study, eye measurements were taken from a standing position and while seated on a rigid surface and then compared to the same participant’s eye height measured while seated on six different representative vehicle seats with seat back angles of 20, 25, and 30 degrees respectively.

This study focused on occupant responses in very large pickup trucks in rollovers and was conducted in three phases. Phase 1 - Field data analysis: In a prior study [9], 1998 to 2020 FARS data were analyzed; Pickup truck drivers with fatality were 7.4 kg heavier and 4.6 cm taller than passenger car drivers. Most pickup truck drivers were males. Phase 1 extended the study by focusing on the drivers of very large pickup trucks. The size of 1999-2016 Ford F-250 and F-350 drivers involved in fatal crashes was analyzed by age and sex. More than 90% of drivers were males. The average male driver was 179.5 ± 7.5 cm tall and weighed 89.6 ± 18.4 kg. Phase 2 – Surrogate study: Twenty-nine male surrogates were selected to represent the average size of male drivers of F-250 and F-350s involved in fatal crashes. On average, the volunteers weighed 88.6 ± 5.2 kg and were 180.0 ± 3.2 cm tall with a 95.2 ± 2.2 cm seated height.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes the dynamic testing procedures required to evaluate the integrity of patient compartment interior Storage Compartments such as cabinets, drawers, or refillable supply pouch systems when exposed to a frontal, side or rear impact (i.e., a crash impact). Its purpose is to provide component manufacturers, ambulance builders, and end-users with testing procedures and, where appropriate, acceptance criteria that, to a great extent, ensure interior Storage Compartments or systems meet the same performance criteria across the industry. Descriptions of the test set-up, test instrumentation, photographic/video coverage, test fixture, and performance metrics are included.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes the testing procedures required to evaluate the integrity of a ground ambulance-based patient litter, litter retention system, and patient restraint when exposed to a frontal, side or rear impact. Its purpose is to provide litter manufacturers, ambulance builders, and end-users with testing procedures and, where appropriate, acceptance criteria that, to a great extent ensures the patient litter, litter retention system, and patient restraint utilizes a similar dynamic performance test methodology to that which is applied to other vehicle seating and occupant restraint systems. Descriptions of the test set-up, test instrumentation, photographic/video coverage, test fixture, and performance metrics are included.

This SAE Standard serves as a guide for vibration testing procedures of Automotive and Heavy Duty storage batteries.

This document is intended to supplement SAE J2403 by providing the content of Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 from SAE J2403 in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use. It is NOT intended as a substitute for the actual document, and any discrepancies between this Digital Annex and the published SAE J2403 document must be resolved in favor of the published document. This document provides the content of Table 1 and Table 2 published in SAE J2403 into the single table in the 'Term' tab, while the 'Recommended Term Definitions' tab provides the content of Table 3 in SAE J2403 and the 'Glossary' tab provides the content of Table 4 in SAE J2403.

Abstract The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic in the beginning of 2020 has made it necessary to review many practices in countless areas, changing our lifestyles drastically. Humanity has put health issues in priority to deal with the disease effectively. While health systems are having difficult times in terms of patient care, vaccination, and treatment protocols, existing designs in many areas have proven to be inefficient in preventing or decelerating the pandemic. As the disease is transmitted mainly by particle transfer through coughing, sneezing, and even with speaking, wearing face masks and keeping a distance of 2 m as well as hygiene (especially hand) are shown to be effective methods. However, long exposure to indoor air populated with people is still a major risk due to the possibility of high concentration of virus-contaminated air.

These general guidelines and precautions apply to personnel operating directional drilling tracking equipment when used with Horizontal Earthboring Machines as defined in SAE J2022.

This SAE Standard applies to horizontal earthboring machines of the following types: a. Auger Boring Machines b. Rod Pushers c. Rotary Rod Machines d. Impact Machines e. Directional Boring/Drilling Machines The illustrations used are for classification and are not intended to resemble a particular machine. Only basic working dimensions are given. They may be supplemented by the machine manufacturer. This document is based on existing commercial horizontal earthboring machines. This document does not apply to specialized mining machinery in SAE J1116, conveyors, tunnel boring machines, pipe jacking systems, and microtunnelers.

This SAE Recommended Practice applies to fasteners/fixing nuts as specified in SAE J694 and SAE J1835 used for disc wheels and demountable rim attachment respectively. Only the test methods necessary to ensure proper wheel or rim assembly are specified. Fasteners for less common and special applications are not included.

This SAE Standard covers complete general and dimensional specifications for tube fittings of the spherical and flanged sleeve compression types for use in the piping of air brake systems on automotive vehicles. The spherical sleeve compression type Figures 1A to 5 and Tables 1 to 3 is intended for use with annealed copper alloy tubing per SAE J1149, Type 1. The flanged sleeve compression type Figures 6A to 11 and Tables 4 to 6 is intended for use with nylon tubing per SAE J844. It is not intended to restrict or preclude other designs of a tube fitting for use with SAE J844, air brake tubing. Performance requirements for SAE J844 are covered in SAE J1131. See SAE J1131 for the Performance Requirements of Reusable (Push to Connect) Fittings Intended for Use in Automotive Air Brake Systems.

The three-wheeled "Auto-Rickshaws" [Auto] plays a significant role in road transportation, especially in India. The crash safety and reconstruction studies have been widely used in four-wheelers, whereas the availability of such data for Auto was limited. In recent times, accident data processing from available videos is being utilized to observe the crash scenario. The crash parameters can be given as inputs to the crash analysis. This paper focuses on the process the real-world accident data and study crash characteristics. With limitation in the availability of detailed injuries post-crash, the study was restricted to reconstructing crash kinematics and estimating indicative injuries to the driver. The source of video data is videos of crash available in public domains like YouTube. PYTHON video processing tool has been used to process the set of real-world accident video data.

Due to recent infrastructural development and emerging competitive automotive markets, there is seen a huge shift in customer’s demand and vehicle drivability pattern in commercial vehicle industry. Now apart from ensuring better vehicle durability and best in class tyre life and fuel mileage, a vehicle manufacturer also has to focus on other key attributes like driver’s safety and ride comfort. Thus, for ensuring enhanced drivability, key parameters for ensuring better vehicle handling includes optimization of bump steer and brake steer. Both bump steer and brake steer are vehicle’s undesirable phenomenon where a driver is forced to constantly make steering wheel correction in order to safely maneuver the vehicle in the desired path.

According to research studies, epidemics such as SARS, COVID-19 spread have caused huge negative impacts on population, health and the economy around the globe. The outbreak places a huge burden on international health systems that were already straining to address AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and a host of other conditions. Research has proven that incase infected person is not traced timely then the spread of infection in society will take the shape of large-scale community transmission. Most of the infections spread because they got unnoticed by the infected person. One part of the access checker scans is a person’s body temperature by measuring infrared radiation emitted by their skin. Fever screening by infrared thermal imaging has become more widespread following the SARS infection, and particularly during the pandemic H1N1 and COVID-19 outbreak. Skin temperature is measured without contact by monitoring the emitted infrared radiation.

This SAE Standard provides safety requirements for vacuum excavation and sewer cleaning equipment. This document is not intended to cover equipment addressed by other on-road federal, state, and local regulations. Truck-mounted or trailer-mounted vehicles are required to meet local or regional on-road requirements, as applicable.