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This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides a comprehensive overview of primary water content measurement instrumentation, for both facility-based icing research and in-flight icing research, over the range of commonly used aircraft certification icing envelopes. It includes information on the theory of operation of the instruments, system errors and limitations, and practical considerations when using them for cloud characterization. This document does not address other icing cloud measurements of interest, such as particle sizing, or measurement of phenomena such as snow, sleet, or hail.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides various graphical displays of atmospheric variables related to aircraft icing conditions in natural clouds. It is intended as a review of recent developments on the subject, and for stimulating thought on novel ways to arrange and use the available data. Included in this Report is FAR 25 (JAR 25) Appendix C, the established Aircraft Icing Atmospheric Characterization used for engineering design, development, testing and certification of civilian aircraft to fly in aircraft icing conditions.

This document provides information regarding ice detector technology and design. The SAE document AS5498 provides detailed information regarding the requirements, specifications, qualification, and certification of icing detection systems. This document is not meant to replace AS5498, but to enhance it by considering unique aspects of sensing technology and, in particular, those that may not be certificated at the time of this revision. To that end, an effort has been made not to duplicate information contained in AS5498. Icing rate information is included where applicable. The primary application is associated with ice forming on the leading edges of airfoils and inlets while the aircraft is in flight. Information related to detection of ice over cold fuel tanks and icing at low-velocity operation is included. The material is primarily applicable to fixed-wing aircraft. Unique requirements for engine inlets and rotorcraft are also provided.

This document contains minimum operational performance specification (MOPS) of active on-board INFLIGHT ICING DETECTION SYSTEMS (FIDS). This MOPS specifies FIDS operational performance which is the minimum necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements for the design and manufacture of the equipment to a minimum standard and guidance towards acceptable means of compliance when installed on an AIRCRAFT. Detection of ICE accreted on the AIRCRAFT during ground operations is not considered in this document. This MOPS was written for the use of FIDS on AIRCRAFT as defined in 1.3 and 2.3. Expected minimum performance specifications for FIDS and their functions are provided in Section 3. The minimum performance requirements as defined in Section 3 do not consider SYSTEM performance as installed on the AIRCRAFT. Performance in excess of the minimum performance may be required by the SYSTEM installed on an AIRCRAFT in order to meet regulatory or operational requirements.

This section presents the basic equations for computing ice protection requirements for nontransparent and transparent surfaces and for fog and frost protection of windshields. Simplified graphical presentations suitable for preliminary design and a description of various types of ice, fog, frost, and rain protection systems are also presented.

This document provides information, guidelines, and practices for the application, use, and administration of two-dimensional and three-dimensional droplet impingement and ice accretion computer codes. The codes provide computational simulations of inflight icing that predict droplet trajectory, water loading, and ice accretion on aircraft components. These ice accretion characteristics are used during the aircraft design and certification process.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) document establishes criteria and recommended practices for the use of airborne icing tankers to aid in design and certification of aircraft ice protection systems and components. Several icing tankers are described, along with their capabilities and suggested use. Sample data for these tanker spray systems are included, shown with 14 CFR Parts 25 and 29, Appendix C icing envelopes for continuous maximum and intermittent maximum icing conditions. (Note: In the remainder of this document, the phrase “Appendix C icing envelopes” will be used for brevity.) This ARP is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommended definitions for terms commonly used in aircraft inflight icing system design and analysis, research, and operations. Some general thermodynamic terms are included that are frequently used in icing analysis, but this document is not meant to be an inclusive list of such terms.

This section presents the basic equations for computing ice protection requirements for nontransparent and transparent surfaces and for fog and frost protection of windshields. Simplified graphical presentations suitable for preliminary design and a description of various types of ice, fog, frost, and rain protection systems are also presented.

This document provides information, guidelines, and practices for the application, use, and administration of two-dimensional and three-dimensional droplet impingement and ice accretion computer codes. The codes provide computational simulations of inflight icing that predict droplet trajectory, water loading, and ice accretion on aircraft components. These ice accretion characteristics are used during the aircraft design and certification process.

This section presents the basic equations for computing ice protection requirements for nontransparent and transparent surfaces and for fog and frost protection of windshields. Simplified graphical presentations suitable for preliminary design and a description of various types of ice, fog, frost, and rain protection systems are also presented.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommended definitions for terms commonly used in aircraft inflight icing system design and analysis, research, and operations. Some general thermodynamic terms are included that are frequently used in icing analysis, but this document is not meant to be an inclusive list of such terms.

This document provides information regarding ice detector technology, design and operating requirements. The SAE document AS5498 provides detailed information regarding the requirements, specifications, qualification, and certification of icing detection systems. This document is not meant to replace AS5498 but to enhance it by considering unique aspects of sensing technology and in particular those that may not be certificated at the time of this revision. To that end an effort has been made not to duplicate information contained in AS5498. Icing rate information is included where applicable. The primary application is associated with ice forming on the leading edges of airfoils and inlets while the aircraft is in flight. Information related to detection of ice over cold fuel tanks and icing at low velocity operation is included. The material is primarily applicable to fixed-wing aircraft. Unique requirements for engine inlets and rotorcraft are also provided.

This section presents the basic equations for computing ice protection requirements for nontransparent and transparent surfaces and for fog and frost protection of windshields. Simplified graphical presentations suitable for preliminary design, and a description of various types of ice, fog, frost, and rain protection systems are also presented.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides definitions for terms commonly used in aircraft inflight icing system design and analysis, research, and operations. Some general thermodynamic terms are included that are frequently used in icing analysis, but this document is not meant to be an inclusive list of such terms.

This specification covers one type of spray equipment for the elimination of ice formation on aircraft windows.

This specification establishes requirements for ice detectors.

This specification covers the general requirements for the design, installation, and performance of thermal anti-icing equipment for the wings and empennage surfaces in aircraft.

This specification covers the general requirements for pneumatic deicing systems for wings, empennages, radomes, radio masts, air induction system entrance cones, and ducts of aircraft. Deicing boots shall be of one type, operating at 15 to 22 psig pressure.

This specification covers the general requirements for pneumatic deicing systems for wings, empennages, radomes, radio masts, air induction system entrance cones, and ducts of aircraft. Deicing boots shall be of one type, operating at 15 to 22 psig pressure.