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Biodiesel was found to be a viable alternative to diesel fuel. The current research focuses on combining two biodiesels from different feedstock. This work investigates the use of ternary blends comprising diesel, Linseed oil methyl ester (LOME), and Calophyllum inophyllum methyl esters (CIME). Biodiesels were synthesized from the pristine oil using a trans-esterification process. Various proportions of biodiesel blends were prepared and labelled such as B0, B5, B10, B15, and B20. The prepared blends were tested in a diesel engine for their performance and emission parameters. Among the tested biodiesel samples, B5 displays superior performance characteristics with increased Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and slightly increased Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC). The increase in Brake Thermal Efficiency and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption for the B5 blend when compared to diesel was found to be 16.11% and 4.5 % at full load conditions.

Biogas is developing as a possible replacement for fossil fuels as the globe shifts to sustainable energy sources. Organic waste, including food waste, agricultural waste, and sewage, decomposes to produce biogas. Biogas is a fuel that can be used to create electricity, heat homes, and power vehicles. The popularity of electric cars (EVs) is rising as a result of their zero emissions. EVs and biogas can work together to create a sustainable transportation option. The viability of EV charging stations powered by biogas is the main topic of this techno-economic inquiry. The study involves the evaluation of the technical and economic elements of the proposed system. The technical aspects cover power generation, the EV charging system, the biogas storage system, the biogas production process, and the biogas purification process. The capital cost, operating cost, and revenue from the charging station are all considered economic factors.

This study mainly focuses on the blending of Alumina and Titanium oxide nanoparticles (NP’s) in Spirulina biodiesel blends (SB20) to evaluate the influence of engine (performance and emission) parameters of a diesel engine. The FTIR of biodiesel was analyzed to evaluate the functional groups of biodiesel. The characterization of Al2O3 and TiO2 NP’s like SEM were reported. By using various fuel samples such as Diesel, SB20, SB20+40 ppm AO, SB20+80 ppm AO, SB20+40 ppm TO and SB20+80 ppm TO, the engine tests on the diesel engine were carried out at different load conditions. The BTE for SB20+80 ppm AO were enhanced by 12.35% and 8.4 % compared to the SB20 fuel and SB20+40 ppm AO fuel samples. The combustion parameters were improved for the NP’s as additives (Al2O3 and TiO2) fuels than the SB20 fuel sample because NP’s contain oxygen content.

Energy demand climbs as a consequence of the inherent relationship between the rate of consumption of energy and the growth of the economy. In light of the depletion of fossil fuels and coal, it is crucial that energy efficiency techniques and policies to be implemented to support sustainable growth. This research elaborates the production and experimental investigation of briquettes made from ideal municipal solid waste (MSW), such as cardboard, food waste, and sawdust, as a feasible choice for sustainable biomass fuel as an alternate to fossil fuel. Typically, municipal solid waste encompasses nearly 42-46% of paper and cardboard based products. This research is based on various studies that have been published in the scientific literature, and it also includes details on the methodology of valorizing different wastes into energy by densification such as briquetting.

The goal of this research is to study the efficiency and emissions of diesel in combination with linseed and jatropha oil as biodiesels. These oils were trans-esterified and three ternary blends of ethanol, biodiesel, and diesel were prepared in E10-B20, E15-B20, and E20-B20 configurations. Ethanol is used as an additive to improve combustion properties. Brake power and emission tests were carried out using ternary biodiesel mixtures in a computerized single-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine. These novel ternary blends exhibit lower NO 2 and CO 2 emissions than normal diesel fuel. From the performance point of view, the blend E10-B20 has similar SFC and brake thermal efficiency to diesel. The E15-B20 blend displayed a significant reduction of around 50 % in unburnt hydrocarbons in comparison with the base diesel at heavy load conditions. In addition, the NOx value also dropped by 28% in comparison with the E15-B20 blend with base diesel at heavy load conditions.

The current study has concentrated on discovering and developing clean alternative energy sources like biodiesel and employing novel methods to reduce harmful emissions and enhance engine performance behavior. In this study, Ricinus communis biodiesel was extracted from oil using a transesterification process, and its fuel properties were assessed. The application of biodiesel in diesel engines reduces exhaust emissions; however, multiple investigators claim that the consumption of biodiesel generates greater amounts of nitrogen oxide pollutants than diesel-fueled engines, which limits the scope of biodiesel usage. In the present investigation, the combined influence of an antioxidant (tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ)) additive introduced to the fuel as a fuel alteration method and SCR (selective catalytic reduction) as an after-treatment approach on NOx diminution in a Ricinus communis biodiesel -powered compression ignition engine was investigated.

This study aims to investigate the effect of hydrogen injection to palm oil biodiesel on a compression ignition (CI) engine's exergy efficiency, while assessing its sustainability index. The tests are performed on a diesel engine with a single cylinder cooled by water and run at a consistent speed of 1500 rpm, with a load range varying from 0.01 kg to 18 kg, and hydrogen injection rates ranging from 4 lpm to 10 lpm. The findings reveal that biodiesel has higher exergetic efficiency when compared to conventional diesel. The biodiesel-run CI engine has an exergetic efficiency of 31.6%, and a sustainability index of 1.236 at the maximum brake power of 5.2 KW. Exergy analysis is conducted for shaft work, cooling water, exhaust gas availability, and entropy generation. The study also investigates the variation in the engine cylinder's peak pressure and heat release rate, as well as the performance metrics of the engine, like brake thermal efficiency and temperature of the exhaust gas.

Among the several alternative sources, methyl esters of vegetable oils, often known as biodiesel, are gaining popularity due to their minimal environmental impact and potential as a replacement fuel for compression ignition engines, as they do not require any major engine modifications. The fundamental benefits of utilizing biodiesel are its availability, its biodegradability and it does not add any ascent in the degree of carbondioxide into the atmosphere. Using the Karanji oil methyl ester in a compression ignition kirloskar engine with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), this study focuses on the micro-explosion impact to minimise nitrogen oxides and smoke. The quantity of exhaust gas was changed from 5% to 15% in steps of 5%. Since, EGR is one of the notable method to decrease NOx formation. The percentage of water was changed from 5% to 15% in steps of 5%.

Argon Power Cycle (APC) engine is an innovative power system for high efficiency and zero emissions, which employs an Ar-O2 mixture rather than air as the working substance. However, APC engines face the challenge of knock suppression. Compared to hydrogen, methane has a better anti-knock capacity and a larger thermal conversion efficiency, thus is an excellent potential fuel for APC engines. In previous studies of methane-fueled APC engines, the methane is injected into the intake port. Nevertheless, for lean combustion, the stratified in-cylinder mixture formed by methane direct injection has superior combustion performances. Therefore, based on a methane direct injection engine at compression ratio=9.6 and 1000 r/min, this study experimentally investigates the effects of replacing air by Ar-O2 mixture (79%Ar+21%O2) on efficiencies, loads, and other combustion characteristics under different excess oxygen ratios.

To ensure compliance with emission targets, alternative fuels are playing an increasingly important role in reducing exhaust emissions. One effective and cost-efficient method of quickly achieving sustainable reductions in emissions is through the use of modern com-bustion engines that operate on hydrogen (H2). Within the framework of the energy trans-formation, often compared to Germany's "Energiewende," CO2-neutral solutions are of vital importance across all industries, with the mobility sector being particularly crucial. Hy-drogen, as a carbon-free fuel, is a viable alternative to conventional fuels and has been the focus of scientific research for some time. In many aspects, the development of hydrogen combustion engines remains in the con-ceptualization phase.

Conventional diesel combustion (CDC) is known to provide high efficiency and reliable engine performance, but often associated with high particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions. Combustion of fossil diesel fuel also produces carbon dioxide (CO2), which acts as a harmful greenhouse gas (GHG). Renewable and low-carbon fuels such as renewable diesel (RD) and methanol can play an important role in reducing harmful criteria and CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. This paper details an experimental study using a single-cylinder research engine operated under dual-fuel combustion using methanol and RD. Various engine operating strategies were used to achieve diesel-like fuel efficiency. Measurements of engine-out emissions and in-cylinder pressure were taken at test conditions including low-load and high-load operating points.

According to the AEO2022 report, almost 30% of the transport sector will still use internal combustion engines (ICE) until 2050. Small and light-duty vehicles can be electrified with an acceptable range, and the market has already moved in this direction. Equipment used for heavy-duty (HD) applications will continue to use fossil fuels as the primary energy source due to the challenges of providing comparable energy storage in HD electric vehicles. However, the transportation sector has been actively seeking different methods to reduce the CO2 emissions footprint of fossil fuels. The use of lower carbon-intensity fuels such as Renewable Diesel (RD) can enable a pathway to decarbonize the transport industry. This suggests the need for experimental or advanced numerical studies of RD to gain an understanding of its combustion and emissions performance. This work presents a numerical modeling approach to study the combustion and emissions of RD.

Methanol is a suitable alternative fuel to relieve the problem of energy shortage and decrease the emission of greenhouse gases. The effect of direct injection timing of methanol and diesel on the combustion characteristics of a marine diesel engine with bore of 0.21 m was simulated with a 3-dimentional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software AVL-FIRE. The combustion model was set-up and validated by the experimental data from the marine diesel engine. Results show that there are two peaks on the heat release rate (HRR) curves with the normal diesel-methanol combustion process. The first HRR peak is caused by the combustion of diesel. The second HRR peak is resulted from the hybrid combustion process of diesel and methanol. The injection timing of diesel influences the maximum pressure rise rate (PRRmax) and ignition timing.

Compression ignition engines used in heavy-duty applications are typically powered by diesel fuel. The high energy density and feedstock abundance provide a continuing source for the immense energy demand. However, the heavy-duty transportation sector is challenged with lowering greenhouse gas and combustion by-product emissions, including carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. The continuing development of engine management and combustion strategies has proven the ability to meet current regulations, particularly with higher fuel injection pressure. Nonetheless, a transition from diesel to a renewable alternative fuel source will play a significant role in reducing greenhouse gases while maintaining the convenience and energy-dense inherent of liquid fuels. Dimethyl ether is a versatile fuel that possesses combustion properties suitable for compression ignition engines and physical properties helpful for clean combustion.

High compression ratios are critical to increasing the efficiency of spark ignition engines, but the trend in downsized and down sped configurations has brought attention to the nominally low compression ratios used to avoid knock. As an abnormal combustion event defined by the acoustic sound caused by end-gas auto-ignition, knock largely limits efficiency through low compression ratio and retarded combustion phasing at high loads. Low carbon alternative fuels such as ethanol or water-based alcohol fuels combine strong chemical auto-ignition resistance with large charge cooling characteristics that can suppress knock and enable optimal combustion phasing, thus allowing an increase in the compression ratio. Of course, these high cooling potential fuels are not immune to knock at high loads at high enough compression ratios and are subject to the same combustion phasing strategies (i.e., spark retard) that diminish efficiency.

The push for environmental protection and sustainability has led to strict emission regulations for automotive manufacturers as evident in EURO VII and 2026 EPA requirements. The challenge lies in maintaining fuel efficiency and simultaneously reducing the carbon footprint while meeting future emission regulations. Alcohol (primarily methanol, ethanol, and butanol) and ether (dimethyl ether) fuels, owing to their comparable energy density to existing fuels, the comparative ease of handling, renewable production, and suitable emission characteristics may present an attractive drop-in replacement, fully or in part as an additive, to the gasoline/diesel fuels, without extensive modifications to the engine geometry. Additionally, lean and diluted combustion are well-researched pathways for efficiency improvement and reduction of engine-out emissions of modern engines.

Several governments are increasing the blending mandate of renewable fuels to reduce the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of the road transport sector. Currently, ethanol is a prominent renewable fuel and is used in low-level blends, such as E10 (10 %v/v ethanol, 90 %v/v gasoline) in many parts of the world. However, the exact concentration of ethanol amongst other renewable fuel components in commercially available fuels can vary and is not known. To understand the impact of the renewable fuel content on the emissions from Euro 6d-Temp emissions specification vehicles, this paper examines the real-driving emissions (RDE) from four 2020 to 2022 model-year vehicles run on E0 and E10 fuels. CO, CO2, NO, and NO2 were measured through a Portable Emissions Measuring System (PEMS).

The objective of the project was to compare the fuel consumption of the hybrid electric CNG truck with that of a similar CNG truck, and a representative diesel truck for the target market and operations. The tests were conducted on a test route representative of the conditions encountered by the vehicle in normal driving operations. The test route length was 276 km with a maximum altitude difference of 374 m. The test route had four representative sections, including a mountainous section with a length of 88 km. The result of the comparison between the two CNG trucks was expressed as the fuel savings of CNG in percentage. The fuel consumption of the diesel truck was accurately measured gravimetric. The hybrid electric CNG truck showed an average fuel saving of 3.6% and up to 7.7% for the entire trip compared to the conventional CNG truck.