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Three factors are of consequence when considering the comparative performance of alcohols and hydrocarbons as spark ignition engine fuels. These are: relative amounts of products of combustion produced per unit of inducted charge, energy inducted per unit of charge, and latent heat differences among the fuels. Simple analysis showed significant increases in output can be expected from the use of methyl alcohol as compared to hydrocarbon and somewhat lesser improvement can be expected from ethyl alcohol. Attendant increases in fuel consumption, disproportionate to the power increase, can also be predicted. More sophisticated analysis, based upon thermodynamic charts of combustion products, do not necessarily improve correspondence between prediction and engine results.

This is a continuation of the presentation of thermodynamic properties of selected fuel-air mixtures in chart form, suitable for utilization in engine performance calculations. Methane and propane, representative of natural gas and LPG are the two fuels considered. Using these charts, comparisons are made between the performance to be expected with these gaseous fuels compared to octane, as representative of gasoline. Reduced engine power is predicted and this is confirmed by experience of other investigators.

A theoretical and experimental study was undertaken to establish whether or not parametric correlations could be satisfactorily applied to combustion of ammonia in gas turbine combustors. It was found that a usual parameter of the form I (Re)0.7 was satisfactory for establishing blowout limits in modeling. However, the attainable values of chemical loading I were at least an order of magnitude less than those attainable with hydrocarbon fuels.

A single cylinder investigation was conducted to determine concentration of oxides of nitrogen resulting from combustion of ammonia and air in a spark ignition engine over a range of fuel-air ratios typical of normal engine operation with ammonia. Nitric oxide concentrations exceeded that with hydrocarbons. Spectroscopic observations during the expansion process gave concentrations in some instances an order of magnitude greater than exhaust gas determinations. The results imply a different mechanism for nitric oxide formation with ammonia fuel than with hydrocarbons and that some equilibrating process may take place between combustion and exhaust to reduce otherwise even greater than measured exhaust gas concentrations.

A digital computer and special program were used, along with new thermodynamic data, to recalculate and extend the scope and range of the classic combustion gas charts of Hottel and co-workers. A series of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon fuels was treated over a range of fuel-air ratios, with temperatures extended up to 7200 R and pressures up to 15,000 psia. This, the first paper of a series, incorporates the resulting charts for isooctane at four mixture ratios ranging from 20% lean to 40% rich. Auxiliary charts for inducted mixture properties determination and a set of sample calculations are also included.

Anhydrous ammonia has been demonstrated to operate successfully as a fuel for spark ignition engines. Principal requirements are that it be introduced in the vapor phase and partly decomposed to hydrogen and nitrogen. Spark timing for maximum performance must be advanced slightly for ammonia but sensitivity to spark timing is little greater than with hydrocarbons. Increasing the cylinder wall temperature aids in effecting successful and reliable operation. The maximum theoretically possible indicated output using ammonia vapor is about 77% of that with hydrocarbon. Specific fuel consumption increase twofold at maximum power and 2-1/2 fold at maximum economy when using ammonia as a replacement for hydrocarbon.