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Low fuel consumption and improved power output are the main market drivers in the automotive industry. For these challenges, Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) technology provides higher thermal efficiency than Multi Point Injection (MPI) engines and this technology is expanding as a solution to reduce CO₂ and improve driveability. In Europe under the Euro 5 regulation, engine downsizing becomes a major solution to reduce CO₂ of gasoline engines. For this concept GDI is essential together with turbocharging technology. However GDI technology increases particulate matter (PM) emissions compared to MPI engines. As the introduction of a Particle Number (PN) regulation for Euro 6 GDI vehicles has been decided, technologies to reduce GDI PN emissions start to become necessary. For this requirement, a gasoline particulate filter (GPF) is an effective solution.

With the push towards more stringent on-road US heavy duty diesel regulations (i.e. HD GHG Phase 2 and the proposed ARB 20 mg/bhp-hr NOx), emission system packaging has grown critical while improving fuel economy and NOx emissions. The ARB regulations are expected to be implemented post 2023 while regulation for EU off-road segment will begin from 2019. The regulation, called Stage V, will introduce particle number (PN) regulation requiring EU OEMs to introduce a diesel particulate filter (DPF) while customer demands will require the OEMs to maintain current emission system packaging. A viable market solution to meet these requirements, especially for EU Stage V being implemented first, is a DPF coated with a selective catalyst reduction (SCR) washcoat (i.e. SCRonDPF).