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The process of spray atomization has typically been understood in terms of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability theory. However, this mechanism has failed to fully explain much of the measured data. For this reason a number of new atomization mechanisms have been proposed. The present study intends to gain an understanding of the spray dynamics and breakup processes in the near-nozzle region of heavy-duty diesel injector sprays. As this region is optically dense, synchrotron x-rays were used to gain new insights. This spray study was performed using a prototype common-rail injection system, by injecting a blend of diesel fuel and cerium-containing organometalic compound into a chamber filled with nitrogen at 1 atm. The x-rays were able to probe the dense region of the spray as close as 0.2 mm from the nozzle. These x-ray images showed two interesting features. The first was a breakup of the high density region about 22 μs After the Start Of Injection (ASOI).

The aim of the current study was to construct a model of a road rail vehicle in JACK and investigate the view of the articulating arm of the machine for human models of different stature in test conditions simulating a digging task and a lifting task. The JACK software was also used to determine the likely effects on operator comfort of postural adjustments which would be required to see different parts of the articulating arm. Modelling of the tasks using JACK has been a useful first step in identifying the limitations in the field of view for vehicle operators of different statures. The use of the view cones in JACK have been evaluated and the simulations have highlighted the potential for discomfort arising from postural adjustments which would be necessary in the tasks. Further research on operators' postures and visual strategies during real world digging and lifting tasks is now necessary.