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Common or obvious surface imperfections, which sometimes occur in sheet steel, are normally visible to the naked eye before or after fabrication. Illustrations and definitions of these imperfections are contained in this SAE Information Report. The identifying names are those commonly used throughout the steel industry. The imperfections identified include the major and most often encountered imperfections known to exist at this time. These imperfections are variable in appearance and severity. Extreme conditions have been selected in some instances in order to obtain suitable photographs. Photographs are courtesy of the American Iron and Steel Institute, Kaiser Aluminum, LTV Steel, National Steel, The Budd Company.

This specification covers the mechanical and chemical requirements of hard drawn carbon steel spring wire in two classes used for the manufacture of mechanical springs and wire forms generally employed for applications subject to static loads or infrequent stress repetitions. This specification also covers basic material and processing requirements of the springs and forms fabricated therefrom. Class 2 is a higher tensile strength product and is furnished only when specified.

The information in this report covers data relating to SAE J438, Tool and Die Steels, and is intended as a guide to the selection of the steel best suited for the intended purpose and to provide recommended heat treatments and other data pertinent to their use. Specific requirements as to physical properties are not included because the majority of tool and die steels are either worked or given special heat treatments by the purchaser. The purchaser may or may not elect to use the accompanying data for specification purposes.

The information in this report covers data relating to SAE J438, Tool and Die Steels, and is intended as a guide to the selection of the steel best suited for the intended purpose and to provide recommended heat treatments and other data pertinent to their use. Specific requirements as to physical properties are not included because the majority of tool and die steels are either worked or given special heat treatments by the purchaser. The purchaser may or may not elect to use the accompanying data for specification purposes.

The information in this report covers data relating to SAE J438, Tool and Die Steels, and is intended as a guide to the selection of the steel best suited for the intended purpose and to provide recommended heat treatments and other data pertinent to their use. Specific requirements as to physical properties are not included because the majority of tool and die steels are either worked or given special heat treatments by the purchaser. The purchaser may or may not elect to use the accompanying data for specification purposes.

This Report presents general information on over 50 alloys in which nickel either predominates or is a significant alloying element. It covers primarily wrought materials, and is not necessarily all inclusive. Values given are in most cases average or nominal, and if more precise values are required the producer(s) should be contacted. This report does not cover the so-called "superalloys," or the iron base stainless steels. Refer to SAE J467, Special Purpose Alloys, and SAE J405, Chemical Compositions of SAE Wrought Stainless Steels, respectively, for data on these alloys.

This Report presents general information on over 50 alloys in which nickel either predominates or is a significant alloying element. It covers primarily wrought materials, and is not necessarily all inclusive. Values given are in most cases average or nominal, and if more precise values are required the producer(s) should be contacted. This report does not cover the so-called "superalloys," or the iron base stainless steels. Refer to SAE J467, Special Purpose Alloys, and SAE J405, Chemical Compositions of SAE Wrought Stainless Steels, respectively, for data on these alloys.

This Report presents general information on over 50 alloys in which nickel either predominates or is a significant alloying element. It covers primarily wrought materials, and is not necessarily all inclusive. Values given are in most cases average or nominal, and if more precise values are required the producer(s) should be contacted. This report does not cover the so-called "superalloys," or the iron base stainless steels. Refer to SAE J467, Special Purpose Alloys, and SAE J405, Chemical Compositions of SAE Wrought Stainless Steels, respectively, for data on these alloys.

The information and data contained in this SAE Information Report are intended as a guide in the selection of steel types and grades for various purposes. Consideration of the individual types of steel is preceded by a discussion of the factors affecting steel properties and characteristics. SAE steels are generally purchased on the basis of chemical composition requirements (SAE J403, J404, and J405). High-strength, low alloy (HSLA) steels (SAE J1392 and J1442) are generally purchased on the basis of mechanical properties; different chemical compositions are used to achieve the specified mechanical properties. Because these steels are characterized by their special mechanical properties obtained in the as-rolled condition, they are not intended for any heat treatment by the purchaser either before, during, or after fabrication. In many instances, as in the case of steels listed in SAE J1268 and J1868, hardenability is also a specification requirement.

This SAE Recommended Practice outlines a procedure for selecting the proper specification for carbon steel sheet and strip which are purchased to make an identified part. Specifications considered are: ASTM A109—Steel, Carbon, Cold Rolled Strip. ASTM A569—Steel, Carbon (0.15 maximum percent), Hot Rolled Sheet, Commercial Quality (HRCQ). ASTM A621—Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Hot Rolled, Drawing Quality (HRDQ). ASTM A622—Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Hot Rolled, Drawing Quality, Special Killed (HRDQSK). ASTM A568—Steel, Carbon and High-Strength Low-Alloy Hot Rolled Sheet, and Cold Rolled Sheet, General Requirements. ASTM A366—Steel, Carbon, Cold Rolled Sheet, Commercial Quality (CRCQ). ASTM A619—Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Cold Rolled, Drawing Quality (CRDQ). ASTM A620—Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Cold Rolled, Drawing Quality, Special Killed (CRDQSK). ASTM A749M—Steel, Carbon and High-Strength Low-Alloy, Hot Rolled Strip, General Requirements.

This specification supplies engineers and designers with: a Poppet valve nomenclature b Poppet valve alloy designations c Chemical compositions of poppet valve alloys d A guide to valve alloy metallurgy and heat treatments e General information on properties of valve alloys f A guide to the application of valve alloys g A description of valve design and construction, and their relation to valve alloy selection h Valve gear design considerations that affect valves

This SAE Information Report provides engineers and designers with: a Types of valve seat inserts and their nomenclature b Valve seat insert alloy designations and their chemistries c Valve seat insert alloy metallurgy d Typical mechanical and physical properties of insert alloys e Recommended interference fits f Installation procedures g Application considerations

This SAE Information Report provides engineers and designers with: a Types of valve seat inserts and their nomenclature b Valve seat insert alloy designations and their chemistries c Valve seat insert alloy metallurgy d Typical mechanical and physical properties of insert alloys e Recommended interference fits f Installation procedures g Application considerations

All carbon and alloy H-band steels are shown, along with their corresponding minimum and maximum hardenability limits, for which sufficient hardenability data have been established and for grades which use the standard end-quench test. As hardenability data are accumulated for other grades, this SAE Standard will be revised to include such grades.

In 1941, the SAE Iron and Steel Division in collaboration with the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) made a major change in the method of expressing composition ranges for the SAE steels. The plan, as now applied, is based in general on narrower ladle analysis ranges plus certain product (check) analysis allowances on individual samples, in place of the fixed ranges and limits without tolerances formerly provided for carbon and other elements in SAE steels (reference SAE J408). ISTC Division 1 has developed a procedure which allows for the maintenance of the grade list in this SAE Standard. This will involve conducting an industry-wide survey to solicit input. This survey will be conducted at a frequency deemed necessary by the technical committee. Criteria have been established for the addition to or deletion of grades from the grade table.