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A variety of new magnesium casting alloys specifically designed for high temperature applications are currently available. However, there is little published data from component tests or from test specimens sectioned from component castings. In this study, the mechanical properties (tensile, bracket thread integrity, bracket distortion and fastener/attachment point acceptability) of front engine covers made from three magnesium alloys (AZ91D, AJ62x and MRI-153M) and from aluminum alloy 380 are presented.

The automobile and light truck industries are increasingly using more magnesium castings in structural and high-temperature applications. Unfortunately, the castability and mechanical behavior of the commonly used alloys have not been compared under similar conditions. Further, new alloys intended for high-temperature applications (Noranda AJ50X, Noranda AJ52X, Hydro AS21X, Dead Sea Magnesium MRI-153) are being promoted, but their casting and mechanical behavior are not well known. Therefore, five high temperature magnesium alloys (AJ50X, AJ52X, AS21X, MRI-153 and AE42), two magnesium alloys more commonly used for structural applications (AM50A and AM60B) and one aluminum alloy (383) were melted and cast at the INTERMET Monroe City Plant (a production high-pressure die casting facility). The castings were subsequently evaluated at the INTERMET Technical Center and outside testing laboratories.

The General Motors L850 world engine uses an induction hardened, ductile iron, camshaft. Unlike most induction hardened camshafts that are machined first and then hardened, this camshaft is deep hardened first and then machined. Using this process, the beneficial compressive surface residual stresses are extremely high. During the development of the L850 camshaft, the casting process was optimized to produce material of sufficient quality to resist quench cracking during the hardening process and to resist mechanical cracking during the machining process. Retained austenite content, residual stress profiles, hardness, microstructure and chemical composition were all characterized and optimized. This paper reviews the material and process development for this unique automotive application.

The automobile and light truck industries are increasing considering the use of magnesium castings in structural and elevated-temperature applications. Unfortunately, the bolt load compressive stress retention behavior of magnesium alloys is unacceptable for most elevated temperature applications. In this investigation, the effects of bolt strength and the mis-match in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of magnesium alloy AZ91D and the bolt material has been determined for a wide range of materials (martensitic steel, austenitic stainless steel, ductile iron and aluminum alloys). Also, the effect of heat treating the magnesium alloy, the effect of re-tightening the bolts after the first thermal cycle and the maximum load carry capacity of numerous bolt materials were determined. Corrosion was not considered.

Elevated temperature bolt load compressive stress retention testing of four high temperature magnesium alloys (AJ50X, AJ52X, AS21X and AE42), two structural magnesium alloys (AM50A and AM60B), one aluminum alloy (383) and one gray iron alloy were performed at the INTERMET Technical Center over a period of about one year. Artificial aging of some of these alloys during testing was observed. The effect of a heat treatment designed to thermally stabilize the microstructure was evaluated and determined to significantly improve magnesium performance and degrade aluminum performance. This paper documents the test procedure and the test results.

The automotive industry continues to look for opportunities to reduce weight and cost while simultaneously increasing performance and durability. Since the introduction of aluminum cylinder blocks and heads, very few “innovations” have been made in powertrain design and materials. Cast crankshafts have the potential to produce significant weight savings (3-18 kg) with little or no cost penalty. With the advent of new, high strength, cast ductile iron materials, such as MADI™ (machinable austempered ductile iron), which has the highly desirable combination of good strength, good toughness, good machinability and low cost, lightweight crankshafts are posed to become a high volume production reality. An extreme demonstration of a lightweight crankshaft is the current use of a cast MADI crankshaft in the 1100 HP Darrell Cox sub-compact drag race car.

SAE 1046 steel axle I-beam forgings produced by the direct quench method and the conventional reheat and quench method were examined. Impact and tensile specimens obtained from sections of two direct quench and one conventional reheat and quench axle I-beams were tested. These data were correlated with hardness and microstructure to determine the relationship between microstructure and properties. The microstructure of direct quenched beams is coarse grained with a martensite case and bainite core. In contrast, the microstructure of conventionally heat treated beams is fine grained with a martensite and/or bainite case and pearlite core. Tensile and impact properties indicate that direct quenching is an acceptable alternative to the conventional reheat and quench process. Fatigue testing of direct quenched beams is currently being performed.

The NVH characteristics of a modern, aluminum block, V-6 engine were shown to be nearly equivalent when a cast ductile iron crankshaft with multi-mode damper was substituted for the production, forged steel crankshaft with conventional, single torsional mode damper. This result contradicts the traditional thinking that suggests forged steel crankshafts produce better NVH characteristics than ductile iron crankshafts. Also, a lightweight, cast ductile iron crankshaft with multi-mode damper showed only slightly inferior NVH characteristics than the production, forged steel crankshaft with single torsional mode damper. The substitution of cast ductile iron for forged steel can also result in significant cost and weight savings.

The lost foam casting process (LFCP) is a near-net shape casting process. This process is the most energy efficient casting process available. “Foundry Management and Technology” magazine analyzed the lost foam process and reported a 27% energy savings, a 46% improvement in labor productivity and 7% less material usage compared to other casting processes. The LFCP produces high value parts by combining multiple components into single castings, improving energy efficiency by achieving better metal yields, reducing materials consumption by eliminating cores, providing minimal post casting processing and improving as-cast dimensional accuracy. All of these process features reduce the total energy consumed during manufacturing.