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One type of TiO2 nanoparticles modified by stearic acid was prepared by sol-gel method and its structure was characterized using Laser Particle Analyzer (LPA) and Freeze-Etching Electron Microscopy (FEEM). To evaluate the benefits of the nanoparticles used as substitute for sulfurized olefins in gear oils, the tribological properties of a mixture of TiO2 nanoparticles with a S-containing additive in base oil were investigated using four-ball tribotester. The experimental results show that there are some synergistic effects between the two additives. In addition, the function mechanism of TiO2 nanoparticles in the tribological process was elucidated by the use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).