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The upcoming Euro 7 regulation introduces the concept of continuous On-Board (emission) Monitoring (OBM), while On-Board Fuel/Energy Consumption Monitoring (OBFCM) is already an integral part of modern vehicles. The current work aims to assess whether on-board data could provide sufficient information to characterize real-world vehicle performance and emissions. Nine Euro 6d-ISC-FCM passenger cars were used, covering a wide range of powertrain technologies, from conventional gasoline and diesel to hybrid (HEV) and plug-in hybrid (PHEV) electric vehicles. Three vehicles were thoroughly tested in the laboratory and on the road, aiming at evaluating in detail the on-board data monitoring system. The evaluation concerned OBFCM device recordings of fuel consumed and distance travelled, as well as tailpipe NOx emissions and exhaust mass flow rate.

The implementation of emission standards has brought significant reductions in vehicle emissions in the EU, but road transport is still a major source of air pollution. Future emission standards will aim at making road vehicles as clean as possible under a wide range of driving conditions and throughout their complete lifetime. The current paper presents the methodology followed by the Consortium for ultra LOw Vehicle Emissions (CLOVE) to support the preparation of the Euro 7 proposal. As a first step, the emission performance of the latest-technology vehicles under various driving conditions was evaluated. Towards this direction, an emissions database was developed, containing data from a wide range of tests, both within and beyond the current RDE boundaries.

The proposed Euro 7 emission standard foresees that the emission behaviour of Euro 7 vehicles is monitored via an on-board monitoring (OBM) system. In Euro 7 vehicles, OBM systems will monitor the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX), ammonia (NH3) and particulate matter (PM) for every trip through a combination of measured and modelled data. Sensors employed to support on-board diagnostics (OBD) in current vehicles may be used to support OBM. According to the Euro 7 OBM concept presented in this paper, OBM will serve a dual purpose: the first is to warn the user of a vehicle about the need to perform repairs on the engine or the pollution control systems when these are needed. If these repairs are not performed in a timely manner, the OBM system will be able to ultimately prevent engine restart, akin to the existing low-reagent driver warning system in some compression ignition vehicles. The second purpose of OBM is to monitor the compliance of vehicle types with the emission limits.