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Journal Article

Different Speed Limiting Strategies for 50cm3 Two-Wheelers and Their Impacts on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy

2011-11-08
2011-32-0587
Usually the power output of 50 cm₃ two wheelers is higher than necessary to reach the maximum permitted vehicle speed, making engine power restriction necessary. This publication deals with different power restriction strategies for four-stroke engines and their effect on exhaust emissions. Alternative power limitation strategies like EGR and leaning were investigated and compared with the common method of spark advance reduction to show the optimization potential for this certain engine operation conditions. From these tests, a substantial set of data showing the pros and cons in terms of emissions, combustion stability and fuel economy could be derived for each speed limiting technique.
Technical Paper

Application of a New Metal Catalyst Substrate Generation for Two and Three Wheelers

2009-01-21
2009-26-0014
Affordable, efficient and durable catalytic converters for the two and three wheeler industry in developing countries like India are required to reduce vehicle emissions and to maintain them at a low level and therefore to participate in a cleaner and healthier environment. A new generation of metallic substrates with structured foils for catalytic converters has been proven capable of improving conversion behavior even with smaller catalyst size. Specially developed foil structures which transform a laminar exhaust gas flow into a turbulent one, which significantly improve exhaust gas mixing behavior in the catalyst. This publication will deal with the analysis of different metallic substrate foil structures for the catalyst conversion performance for the leading “state of the art” four stroke 150 cm3 motorcycle technology developed for the Asian market.
Technical Paper

Investigations on Low Pressure Gasoline Direct Injection for a Standard GDI Combustion System

2010-09-28
2010-32-0094
In the course of the last few years a continuous increase of the injection pressure level of gasoline direct injection systems appeared. Today's systems use an injection pressure up to 200bar and the trend shows a further increase for the future. Although several benefits go along with the increased injection pressure, the disadvantages such as higher system costs and higher energy demand lead to the question of the lowest acceptable injection pressure level for low cost GDI combustion systems. Lowering injection pressure and costs could enable the technological upgrading from MPFI to GDI in smaller engine segments, which would lead to a reduction of CO2 emission. This publication covers the investigation of a low pressure GDI system (LPDI) with focus on small and low cost GDI engines. The influence of the injection pressure on the fuel consumption and emission behavior was investigated using a 1.4l series production engine.
Technical Paper

SCR and SCRi® as After-treatment Systems for Low CO2 and Low NOx Vehicles

2011-01-19
2011-26-0038
On one hand, latest worldwide emissions legislation developments aim to reduce NOx and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions of all diesel engines, while on the other hand lower fuel consumption diesel engines are still required for lower fleet average CO₂ emissions. As a consequence of the chosen CO₂ optimized combustion mode, the raw NOx emission increases and as such Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology will be the future choice for high efficiency NOx aftertreatment. This paper deals with SCR technology and its derivative SCRi® technology, when diesel particle reduction is required, especially for heavy-duty applications. Alongside the developed metal catalyst technologies, a complete SCR reducing agent dosing system is presented. Emission results gained with the SCR or SCRi® technologies on European commercial engines illustrate the potential of these technologies for conversion of NOx and PM emissions.
Technical Paper

Benefits of LS-Design™, a Structured Metal Foil for Two and Three Wheelers Catalyst Substrates, to Minimize Catalyst Volumes, PGM Loads and the Route Towards Low NOx Emissions

2011-10-06
2011-28-0042
More efficient and durable catalytic converters for the two- and three-wheeler industry in developing countries are required at an affordable cost to reduce vehicle emissions, to maintain them at a low level and therefore to participate in a cleaner and healthier environment. This particularly is true nowadays, because the demand and prices of Platinum Group Metal (PGM) for catalyst are continuously increasing due to i) the worldwide progressive implementation of motorcycles emission legislations similar to Euro 3 Stage requiring catalysts, ii) the need for non-road diesel vehicles to be equipped now with catalyst systems, and iii) the constant increase of the worldwide automobile market. A new generation of metallic substrates with structured foils for catalytic converters is proven to be capable of improving conversion behavior, even with smaller catalyst size.
Technical Paper

Investigation of Underbody Metal SCR Systems with Active Thermal Management: Experience Update

2013-01-09
2013-26-0048
The Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is the main after-treatment solution for high efficient diesel engines under development to cope with future lower fuel consumption and NOx emissions requirements (EU6+ legislation). Exhaust gas temperatures are decreasing too, leading to new after-treatment system developments in a close coupled position. Nevertheless before all vehicle architectures allow it, SCR systems are and will still be installed in underbody position. The current paper deals with an underbody metal SCR after-treatment systems, which is capable of active thermal management, and an ultra-compact SCR dosing system. These technologies are described and emission results obtained on several application examples (from passenger cars to light duty commercial vehicles) are presented and discussed in conjunction with an effective active thermal management of the SCR function.
Technical Paper

Artificial Neural Network Based Predictive Real Drive Emission and Fuel Economy Simulation of Motorcycles

2018-10-30
2018-32-0030
As the number of different engine and vehicle concepts for powered-two wheelers is very high and will even rise with hybridization, the simulation of emissions and fuel consumption is indispensable for further development towards more environmentally friendly mobility. In this work, an adaptive artificial neural network based predictive model for emission and fuel consumption simulation of motorcycles operated in real world conditions is presented. The model is developed in Matlab and Simulink and is integrated into a longitudinal vehicle dynamic simulation whereby it is possible to simulate various and not yet measured test cycles. Subsequently, it is possible to predict real drive emissions RDE and on-road fuel consumption by a minimum of previous measurement effort.
Technical Paper

Application of a LS Metal Catalyst Substrate for BS IV Two and Three Wheelers

2015-01-14
2015-26-0098
Affordable, efficient and durable catalytic converters for the two and three wheeler industry in developing countries are required to reduce vehicle emissions and to maintain them at a low level; and therefore to participate in a cleaner and healthier environment. The LS-Design™(Longitudinal Structure) metallic substrates with LS foils have been proved to be capable of improving conversion behavior, even with smaller catalyst size. Specially this developed foil structure, which transforms a laminar exhaust gas flow into a turbulent one, significantly improves exhaust gas mixing behaviour in the catalyst. In this special period of time where BS4 applications will start appearing in the Indian market in the near future, this publication will deal with the experimental results achieved with different metallic substrate foil structures on one leading “state of the art” BS3 four stroke motorcycle technology, developed for the Indian market.
Technical Paper

Air Cooled 50cm3 Scooter Euro 4 Application of the Two-Stroke LPDI Technology

2014-11-11
2014-32-0008
The Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology, has presented several applications of its 2-stroke LPDI (low pressure direct injection) technology in the previous years ([1], [2], [3]). In order to improve the competitiveness of the 2-stroke LPDI technology, an air cooled 50cm3 scooter application has been developed. All previous applications have been liquid cooled. This air cooled application demonstrates the EURO 4 (2017) ability of the technology and shows that the 2S-LPDI technology can also be applied to low cost air-cooled engines. Hence, the complete scooter and moped fleet can be equipped with this technology in order to fulfil both the emission standards and the COP (conformity of production) requirements of Euro 4 emission stage. The paper presents the Euro 4 Scooter results and describes the efficient conversion process of the existing carburetor engine to the LPDI version.
Technical Paper

Development of a Low Emission Two-Stroke Engine with Low Pressure Fuel Injection

2006-11-13
2006-32-0065
Based on the fundamental analysis of the two-stroke process and the first results of the 3D-CFD simulation (Paper No: SETC 2005-32-0098), the development of a small capacity two-stroke engine is the subject of this publication. The developed 50 cm3 two-stroke engine is applied with a low pressure fuel injection system and allows, due to the special positioning of the fuel injector, two different scavenge modes. The first mode is a standard homogenous scavenge mode and the second one is for a stratified scavenged engine operation. Both modes can be achieved only by the adjustment of the injection timing without any restrictions concerning possible phasing. The system only deals with one fuel injector; special constraints concerning the transition between stratified and homogenous operation are not required. Any possible mixture can be applied between stratification and homogenous mode.
Technical Paper

Innovative 2 Wheeler Substrate Developments for EU5

2009-11-03
2009-32-0102
Future tighter emission limits for 2 wheelers in Europe and worldwide will require a completely new approach in catalyst system design. In particular, the EU5 scenario, probably with the same emission limits as 4 wheelers and, for the first time, emission durability requirements, needs a new strategy to combine higher and durable conversion efficiency with the classical characteristics of 2 wheeler systems: low cost, low weight with minimum impact on exhaust system layout and engine out performances such as low fuel consumption and good power output. This paper deals with the investigation of innovative metallic substrates keeping constant, as a first step towards the development of an EU5 system, both washcoat technology and PGM loading. In particular the effect of turbulent structures in the substrate, using PE (Perforated Foils) and LS (Longitudinal Structure) have been thoroughly investigated in testing 400cpsi PE and LS substrates.
Technical Paper

Power restriction on small capacity four stroke engines by exhaust gas recirculation - A new way of speed limiting with reduced exhaust emissions?

2009-11-03
2009-32-0069
Looking at the market for 2-wheelers driven by small capacity four stroke engines, it turns out that the legislation for exhaust emissions is mostly combined with a regulation of vehicle speed. Most of the vehicles in this category are still driven by engines equipped with carburetors which, unlike fuel injection systems, do not give the possibility to cut off fuel metering when high speed is achieved. When a carburetor is applied with a simple ignition unit, a reduction of spark advance is the only way to ensure correct vehicle speed, but there are a lot of disadvantages in terms of exhaust emissions and fuel economy coming up with this method of engine power restriction. This leads to the idea of using exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce engine power when necessary.
Technical Paper

An Integrated 3D CFD Simulation Methodology for the Optimization of the Mixture Preparation of 2-Stroke DI Engines

2007-10-30
2007-32-0029
For the development of high-performance 2-stroke engines with internal mixture preparation it is essential to know about the interaction between charge motion and injection spray. With no prototypes available conceptual investigations can only render such information by using 3D CFD simulation. In this way an optimization of mixture preparation and charge motion can be achieved by varying the transfer and boost ports. To allow for the influence of these modifications on the mass balance (volumetric and trapping efficiency), the entire system of the loop-scavenged two-stroke engine has to be investigated. The state of the art calculation domain for 2-stroke 3D CFD simulation is bounded at the inlet of the crankcase (reed valve) and sometimes also at the outlet of the cylinders. The reasons lie in the so far not sufficiently reproducible components (e.g. reed valve) as well as in the reduction of calculation time.
Technical Paper

New generation of metallic substrates for catalytic converters in small engine application

2007-10-30
2007-32-0057
The new generation of metallic substrates for catalytic converters used in the two and three wheeler industry is capable of improving conversion behavior even with smaller catalyst size. The lowering of production costs due to less use of precious metal is possible. This novel technological application in motorcycle vehicle class improves exhaust emission performance and introduces a new competitive product on the market. Specially developed foil structures, which transform a laminar exhaust gas flow to a turbulent one, significantly improve exhaust gas mixing behavior in the catalyst. This publication is dealing with the analysis of different metallic substrate foil structures for the catalyst conversion performance and the light-off characteristics for the leading state of the art four stroke 150 cm3 motorcycle technology developed for the Asian market.
Technical Paper

Evaluating the Behavior of Carbureted Engines using a Fast Response Fuel Consumption Measurement Device with Minor Impact on Engine Characteristics

2013-10-15
2013-32-9128
Meeting future legislative targets for SI engines by means of low cost technologies is a big challenge for engineers. Despite the use of simple and cost efficient components these engines have to fulfill customer requirements in terms of power and fuel economy, representing the most important selling arguments. Without the possibility of integrating modern technologies like fuel injection systems for mixture preparation instead of simple carburetors, it is very complex to find viable solutions that enable the achievement of these targets. A main key to improve emission behavior, fuel economy and performance on carbureted engines is to get an insight in the mixture preparation process, especially under transient conditions.
Technical Paper

Accelerated Durability Test for Metallic Substrates Tailored for Motorcycle Application

2011-11-08
2011-32-0512
Future emission legislation for 2 and 3 wheelers in EU and many other Countries will introduce durability of pollution control devices. Along with a durable coating technology, the mechanical durability of the substrate must be ensured to guarantee the requested conversion efficiency for the entire life of the motorcycle. A traditional approach consisting in engine bench and vehicle testing is no more competitive considering the very short time to market needed in the motorcycle market and the relevant cost related to this kind of tests. For this reason a new time and cost efficient accelerated component durability test was developed, which can account for the combined effects of critical load at a metallic catalytic converter. This paper shows the methodology used to determine the critical stressors and their levels in real operating conditions by measuring and analyzing a broad range of vehicle test information.
Technical Paper

Expansion to Higher Efficiency - Experimental Investigations of the Atkinson Cycle in Small Combustion Engines

2015-11-17
2015-32-0809
The enhancement of efficiency will play a more and more important role in the development of future (small) internal combustion engines. In recent years, the Atkinson cycle, realized over the crank drive, has attracted increasing attention. Several OEMs have been doing investigations on this efficiency-increasing principle with in the whole range from small engines up to automotive ones. In previous publications, the authors stated that an indicated efficiency of up to 48% could be reached with an Atkinson cycle-based engine. However, these studies are based on 1D-CFD simulation. To verify the promising simulation results, a prototype engine, based on the Atkinson principle, was designed and experimentally tested. The aim of the present study is to evaluate and validate the (indicated) engine efficiency gained by experimental tests compared to the predicted simulation results. In order to investigate part load behavior, several valve timing strategies were also developed and tested.
Technical Paper

Simulation Based Optimization of a Motorcycle Drive Train by the Integration of a Novel Continuously Variable Planetary Transmission

2017-11-05
2017-32-0071
Meeting upcoming emission limits such as EURO 5 with comparatively simple and low-cost vehicles will be very challenging. On the engine side, a big effort in terms of fuelling, combustion optimization as well as exhaust gas aftertreatment will be necessary without any doubt. Besides that, additional system optimization potential can be gained by a systematic adaptation of the drive train. One approach is to use a CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission) system to run engines in specific ranges with good fuel economy. However, existing belt driven CVTs show comparatively poor efficiencies. To overcome this drawback, the integration of a novel Continuously Variable Planetary Transmission (CVP), designed and developed by Fallbrook Technologies, was investigated in detail. For this purpose, a longitudinal dynamics simulation in Matlab-Simulink was carried out to compare a standard mass production vehicle drive train with several CVP setups.
Technical Paper

“Investigation of High Achievable Pollutant Reduction on a “State of the Art” Indian 2 Wheelers - Technology Road Map to a Cleaner Air”

2015-11-17
2015-32-0802
Affordable, efficient and durable catalytic converters for the two and three wheeler industry in developing countries are required to reduce vehicle emissions and to participate in a cleaner and healthier environment. As a contribution Continental Emitec started a comprehensive testing program with a state of the art 180 cc Bharat Stage (BS) III Indian motorcycle. The program consists of testing the state of the art of Metallic substrates with structured foils with various catalyst sizes and positions (original or close coupled). The publication presents a short literature survey and the results of the investigation with a big catalyst volume mounted in underfloor position as well as in close coupled position, gained over the World-wide harmonized Motorcycle Test Cycle, considering the two possible vehicle classifications of this motorcycle, Sub-Class 2.1 and Sub-Class 2.2.
Technical Paper

Layout and Development of a 300 cm3 High Performance 2S-LPDI Engine

2015-11-17
2015-32-0832
In consideration of the fact that in extreme Enduro competitions two-stroke motorcycles are still dominating, the Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology, with a long tradition in two-stroke technology, has developed a new 300 cm3 two-stroke motorcycle engine. The 2-stroke LPDI (Low Pressure Direct Injection) technology was originally developed for the 50 cm3 Scooter and moped market in Europe. In 50 cm3 applications the LPDI technology fulfils the EURO 4 emission standard (2017) [1]. In a next step the LPDI technology was applied to a 250 cm3 Enduro engine demonstrator vehicle. Based on the results of the demonstrator, a complete new high performance 300 cm3 engine was developed. The development of this new engine will be described in this publication. Some interesting aspects of the layout with 3D-CFD methods and also 1D-CFD simulation to optimize the exhaust system by DoE methods are discussed in the paper.
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