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All automotive brake linings have mechanical strength and thermal expansion properties which vary with orientation. This paper describes laboratory equipment and test procedures which characterize lining strength and expansion behavior, using small specimens. A benchtop testing device is introduced which can be used to perform shear and tensile tests on lining samples and singly-riveted lining assemblies. Results are presented for a representative group of production and experimental linings. Applications are discussed.

Experimental load-deflection data for rivets alone and for complete shoe and lining assemblies are presented and discussed. Comparisons are made between conventional taper head and umbrella head rivet designs, as well as a new tapered shank rivet design. Finite element modeling of the friction material in the area around a rivet is presented to help evaluate the stress field for different rivet head configurations, with orthotropic or isotropic elastic properties assumed for the friction material.