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This paper describes the ground system model and algorithm for a ground level simulation tool. First, the modeling of an automotive ground system will be discussed and the algorithm for a simulation tool will be explained. We divided the model into a ground tree and a ground body. The ground tree model consists of resistance formed by the wires that connect the load to ground point with various structures and the ground body model consists of resistance between ground points in the car body. The wires with large current, such as engine ground cable, was modeled in detail by dividing the resistance into wire, bolt, and clamping resistance, in order to simulate the effect of increased contact resistance after durability test. The algorithm of the ground level simulation tool was designed to adjust the currents of the alternator, battery, and ground points in order to evaluate the various driving and load conditions.

The aim of this work is to investigate the current carburizing heat treatment and subsequently to develop new modified heat treatment with increase of surface hardness and corrosion resistances for next generation of injector parts. Considered parts are stopper (SUS303) and position ring (1.4305) of high pressure injector in powertrain. At first, current carburized components are investigated and resulted: hardness (HV100 mN) 802-959, layer thickness of 17.85-24.59 μm, corrosion resistance was maximum 1 hour at 8.25% NaClO solution. New modified heat treatment is Super Saturated NitroCarburizing (SSNC) which is generated with nitrogen and carbon sourcing gas in temperature range of 350-450°C. The process in detail is: nitrogen purging and heating, activation at 360°C for 1 hour, heating, nitrocarburizing at 450°C for 9 or 12 hours, and cooling. The nitrogen rich S-phase was formed at surface and carbon rich S-phase was formed at subsurface.