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In this work, heat loss was investigated in homogeneous and stratified DI-SI operation mode in a single cylinder research engine. Several thermocouples were adapted to the combustion chamber surfaces. The crank angle resolved temperature oscillations at the cylinder head and piston surface could thereby be measured in homogeneous and stratified operation mode. A grasshopper linkage was designed and adapted to the engine, to transfer the piston signals to the data acquisition device. The design of the experimental apparatus is described briefly. For both operation modes the average steady-state temperatures of the combustion chamber surfaces were compared. The temperature distribution along the individual sensor positions at the cylinder head and piston surface are shown. Furthermore, the curves of the crank angle resolved temperature oscillations in stratified and homogeneous operation mode were compared.

To this day, Diesel engines with direct injection are the most efficient internal combustion engines for passenger cars. The major challenge of these engines with a conventional Diesel combustion process is the high level of particulate matter and nitrogen oxide emissions. Diesel engines in passenger cars normally use a pilot injection strategy for NVH reasons, which influences the engine-out soot emissions negatively. The Diesel fuel of the pilot injection is still burning when the main injection takes place, so, liquid components of the main injection interact with the flame of the pilot injection. The time for mixture formation decreases and the combustion takes place under locally very rich conditions which results in high levels of soot formation. For this reason new emission level restrictions cannot be reached without modern exhaust gas aftertreatment systems, which are quite expensive and can have an impact on the gas exchange.

The two-stroke SI engine remains the dominant concept for handheld power tools. Its main advantages are a good power-to-weight ratio, simple mechanical design and low production costs. Because of these reasons, the two-stroke SI engine will remain the dominant engine in such applications for the foreseeable future. Increasingly stringent exhaust emission laws, in conjunction with the drive for more efficiency, have made new scavenging and combustion processes necessary. The main foci are to reduce raw emissions of unburned hydrocarbons via intelligent guidance of the fresh air-fuel mixture and to improve performance to reduce specific emissions. The flow velocity in the electrode gap of the spark plug is of great interest for the ignition of the air-fuel-mixture and the early combustion phase of all kinds of SI engines. In these investigations, the flow velocity in the spark plug gap of a two-stroke gasoline engine with stratified scavenging was measured under various conditions.

Unstable combustion and high cyclic variations of the in-cylinder pressure associated with low engine running smoothness and high emissions are mainly caused by cyclic variations of the fresh charge composition, the variability of the ignition and the fuel mass. These parameters affect the inflammation, the burn rate and thus the whole combustion process. In this paper, the effects of fluctuating fuel mass on the combustion behavior are shown. Small two-stroke engines require special measuring and testing equipment, especially for measuring the fuel consumption at very low fuel flow rates as well as very low fuel supply pressures. To realize a cycle-resolved measurement of the injected fuel mass, fuel consumption measurement with high resolution and high dynamic response is not enough for this application.

The effect of increased pressure relevant to pre-turbine catalyst positioning on catalytic oxidation of methane over a commercial Pd-Pt model catalyst under lean conditions is investigated both experimentally and numerically. The possible gas phase reactions due to high temperature and pressure were tested with an inert monolith. Catalyst activity tests were conducted for both wet and dry gas mixtures and the effect of pressure was investigated at 1, 2 and 4 bar. Aside from the water in the inlet stream, the water produced by oxidation of methane in dry feed inhibited the activity of the catalyst as well. Experiments were carried out to check the effect of added water in the concentration range of water produced by methane oxidation on the catalyst activity. Based on the experimental results, a global oxidation rate equation is proposed. The reaction rate expression is first order with respect to methane and -1.15 with respect to water.

To fulfil the increasing requirements of electric/electronic architectures in automotive environments new concepts for future Electronic Control Units (ECU) are needed. Novel hardware architectures offer much higher potential compared to standard microcontroller devices. In previous publications the advantages of modular gateway architectures over standard microcontroller solutions were shown, especially regarding performance, low latency times, busload independency and configurability. However developing hardware gateway configurations is neither convenient nor practical. But recent development showed a trend towards early e/e-architecture models in tools like PREEvision which are usually used for architecture exploration. In this contribution we demonstrate an approach that closes the gap between such modeling tools and the reconfigurable gateway architecture.

Rising oil prices and increasing strict emission legislation force vehicle manufacturers to reduce fuel consumption of future vehicles. In order to meet this target, the process of converting fuel into useable energy and the use of this energy by the different energy-consuming vehicle's subsystems have to be examined. Vehicles' subsystems consist of energy-supplying, energy-consuming, and in some cases energy-storing components. Due to the high complexity of these systems and their interaction, optimization of their energy efficiency is a challenging task. By introducing individual operational strategies for each subsystem, it is possible to increase the energy efficiency for a specific function. To further improve the vehicle's overall energy efficiency, holistic control strategies are introduced that distribute the energy between the subsystems intelligently.

Modern gasoline direct injection engines with spray-guided combustion processes require a stable and reliable fuel mixture formation as well as an optimal stratification at time of ignition. Due to the limited time for this process the temporal and spatial analysis of the in-cylinder flow field and its influence is of significant interest. The application of a piezo injector with outward opening nozzle and its capability to realize multiple injections within the compression stroke provides additional degrees of freedom for the stratified engine operation. To improve the performance of this combination a detailed knowledge of the in-cylinder flow field and its interaction with the spray propagation during and after multiple injections is essential. The flow field measurements were applied in an optical borescope single-cylinder research engine using a high-speed particle image velocimetry (HSPIV) setup.

The “Extended Target Weighing Approach” (ETWA) presented here describes a holistic, cross-subsystem, function-based lightweight design method - in terms of conceptual lightweight design - for the identification and evaluation of lightweight design potentials in the concept phase of product development. It systematically extends the existing “Target Weighing Approach” (TWA), in order to balance key factors mass, costs and CO2 emissions. During the application of the method, concept ideas are generated which have to be evaluated with regard to their potential. The selection of concept alternatives to be pursued in the early phase of product development often depends on the experience of the product developer. Therefore, the potential of some concepts is not recognized correctly or the risk according to the intended solution caused by missing knowledge or uncertainties is misjudged.

Multicores, being the latest state-of-the-art technology, gain more and more importance in automotive and aerospace systems. This technology will not only be used in infotainment and non-safety-critical applications but will also be introduced in upcoming safety-critical systems. At the moment, various commercial off-the-shelf processors are available that are, however, not built for such applications. In order to ensure correct system behavior, online monitoring can be used for processors targeting infotainment or general purpose applications. The cores and other bus masters within the MPSoC compete for the exclusive use of shared resources like a memory controller. It is of high importance to provide guarantees of usage in such cases, e.g. in terms of access time and rates.

Due to the continuously increasing complexity of automotive electric/electronic architectures (EEAs), model-based systems engineering principles became state-of-the-art for designing such heterogeneous systems. However, current Architecture Description Languages (ADLs) as well as their system-design and analysis tools and frameworks for simulation-based analysis of EEA models often are not fully integrated in a single design process. They usually require error-prone import/export processes, especially when considering distributed collaboration, from EEA data models to external analysis frameworks and vice versa. Particularly, this limits the efficient assessment and comparison of distinct architecture variants regarding certain non-functional properties. Moreover, simulation-based analysis of the latter intended for EEA assessments in early concept phases demands backtracking capabilities to allow iterative model adaptations.

Optical measurement techniques were successfully appointed in four stroke combustion diagnostics because of low interaction and high efficiency. In the field of high speed small engines only less experience exists concerning optical measurement. These engines require sophisticated measurement techniques concerning available space and resolution. Numerous investigations with different measurement techniques to analyze the combustion will be presented in this paper. Engine operation, combustion phenomenons and the limits of some techniques are shown by means of concrete examples. The use of fibre optic endoscopes allows the analysis of flame propagation. Furthermore it is possible to locate glow ignition. By means of spectroscopic measurement the mixture preparation and burning temperature curves could be analyzed by adding special reactants to the fuel.

Hydrogen (H2) is commonly considered as one of the most promising carbon-free energy carriers allowing for a decarbonization of combustion applications, for instance by retrofitting of conventional diesel internal combustion engines (ICEs). Although modern H2-ICEs emit only comparably low levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx), efficient catalytic converters are mandatory for exhaust gas after-treatment in order to establish near-zero emission applications. In this context, the present study evaluates the performance of a commercial state-of-the-art oxidation catalyst (OC) and of a catalyst for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) that are typically used for emission reduction from diesel exhausts under conditions representative for H2-fueled ICEs, namely oxygen-rich exhausts with high water vapor levels, comparably low temperatures, and potentially considerable levels of unburnt H2.