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Engine management under these conditions will require optimal control of the engine torque required by the various vehicle subsystems, ranging from HVAC, to electrical and hydraulic accessories, to the vehicle itself. In this context, the real-time estimation of engine and load torque can play a very important role, especially if this estimation can be performed using the same signals already available to the powertrain control module. ...The second one exploits a nonlinear estimation technique, in which the difference between the instantaneous measurement of crankshaft angular velocity and an estimate of the same velocity, based on a model of the engine, forms the input to a sliding-mode observer.