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EGR has been proven to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines significantly and is nowadays widely used in production engines. To reach future emission legislation standards, alternative EGR-routings that deliver higher EGR-rates get into the focus of researchers. As the steady-state emissions are reduced more and more, the emission peaks in transient parts of driving cycles gain importance. Therefore it is interesting to analyze the transient behavior of different EGR-routings. In this work, a 1-D simulation is performed in GT-Power for a 1.9 liter passenger car diesel engine equipped with cooled short-route EGR and a variable geometry turbine. For calibration of the simulation, load transients are measured including the measurement of transient EGR-rates using a fast CO2-analyzer and cylinder pressure to obtain heat-release data.

To improve today’s 1D engine simulation techniques it is important to investigate how well complex geometries such as the manifold are modeled by these engine simulation tools and to identify the inaccuracies that can be attributed to the 1D assumption. Time resolved 1D and 3D calculations have been performed on the turbulent flow through the outer runners of an exhaust manifold of a 2 liter turbocharged SI engine passenger car The total pressure drop over the exhaust manifold, computed with the 1D and 3D approach, showed to differ over an exhaust pulse. This is so even though a pressure loss coefficient correction has been employed in the 1D model to account for 3D flow effects. The 3D flow in the two outer runners of the manifold shows the presence of secondary flow motion downstream of the first major curvature. The axial velocity profile downstream of the first turn loses its symmetry. As the flow enters the second curvature a swirling motion is formed.

Increasingly stringent emission legislation as well as increased demand on fuel efficiency calls for further research and development in the diesel engine field. Spray formation, evaporation and ignition delay are important factors that influence the combustion and emission formation processes in a diesel engine. Increased understanding of the mixture formation process is valuable in the development of low emission, high efficiency diesel engines. In this paper spray formation and ignition under real engine conditions have been studied in an optical engine capable of running close to full load for a real HD diesel engine. Powerful external lights were used to provide the required light intensity for high speed camera images in the combustion chamber prior to ignition. A specially developed software was used for spray edge detection and tracking. The software provides crank angle resolved spray penetration data.

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke can be simultaneously reduced in compression ignition engines by getting combustion to occur at low temperatures and by delaying the heat release till after the fuel and air have been sufficiently mixed. One of the ways to obtain such combustion in modern engines using common-rail direct injection is to inject the fuel near top dead centre with high levels of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) - Nissan MK style combustion. In this work we study the effect of fuel auto-ignition quality, using four fuels ranging from diesel to gasoline, on such combustion at two inlet pressures and different EGR levels. The experiments are done in a 2 litre single-cylinder engine with a compression ratio of 14 at an engine speed of 1200 RPM. The engine can be easily run on gasoline with a single injection near TDC, even though it cannot be run with very early injection, in the HCCI mode.

Spray and mixture formation in a compression-ignition engine is of paramount importance in the diesel combustion process. In an engine transient, when the load increases rapidly, the combustion system needs to handle low λ operation without producing high NOx emissions and large amounts of particulate matter. By changing the in-cylinder flow, the emissions and engine efficiency are affected. Optical engine studies were therefore performed on a heavy-duty engine geometry at different fuel injection pressures and inlet airflow characteristics. By applying different inlet port designs and valve seat masking, swirl and tumble were varied. In the engine tests, swirl number was varied from 2.3 to 6.3 and the injection pressure from 500 to 2500 bar. To measure the in-cylinder flow around TDC, particle image velocimetry software was used to evaluate combustion pictures. The pictures were taken in an optical engine using a digital high-speed camera.

A large portion of fuel energy is wasted through the exhaust of internal combustion engines. Turbocompound can, however, recover part of this wasted heat. The energy recovery depends on the turbine efficiency and mass flow as well as the exhaust gas state and properties such as pressure, temperature and specific heat capacity. The main parameter influencing the turbocompound energy recovery is the exhaust gas pressure which leads to higher pumping loss of the engine and consequently lower engine crankshaft power. Each air-fuel equivalence ratio (λ) gives different engine power, exhaust gas temperature and pressure. Decreasing λ toward 1 in a Diesel engine results in higher exhaust gas temperatures of the engine. λ can be varied by changing the intake air pressure or the amount of injected fuel which changes the available energy into the turbine. Thus, there is a compromise between gross engine power, created pumping power, recovered turbocompound power and consumed compressor power.

The objective of the research presented in this paper, is to examine the potential to suppress knock and to reduce the exhaust gas temperature by using either lean mixtures or mixtures diluted with cooled EGR, at high load conditions, in a turbo charged spark ignited engine. Engine tests were carried out with lean mixtures, rich mixtures and mixtures diluted by cooled EGR at various degrees of dilution and at various inlet temperatures. The effects on the combustion process was evaluated at constant brake mean effective pressure for various levels of dilution at two different engine speeds. Full load performance was compared with the standard fuel enriched case. Both lean homogeneous operation and cooled EGR are possible replacements of fuel enrichment. Cooled EGR allows the use of a three-way catalytic converter at all operating conditions, resulting in substantially lower tailpipe emissions of CO and HC compared to rich operation.