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A passive thermal management system (TMS) using composite phase change material (PCM) for large-capacity, rectangular lithium-ion batteries is designed. A battery module consisting of six Li-ion cells connected in series was investigated as a basic unit. The passive TMS for the module has three configurations according to the contact area between cells and the composite PCM, i.e., surrounding, front-contacted and side-contacted schemes. Firstly, heat generation rate of the battery cell was calculated using the Bernardi equation based on experimentally measured heat source terms (i.e. the internal resistance and the entropy coefficient). Physical and thermal properties such as density, phase change temperature, latent heat and thermal conductivity of the composite PCM were also obtained by experimental methods. Thereafter, thermal response of the battery modules with the three TMS configurations was simulated using 3D finite element analysis (FEA) modeling in ANSYS Fluent.

Wireless charging system for vehicular power batteries is becoming more and more popular. As one of important issues, charging power regulation is indispensable for online control, especially when the distance or angle between chassis and ground changes. This paper proposes a novel power regulation method named Z-Source-Based Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation (ZSB-PAM), which has not been mentioned in the literatures yet. The ZSB-PAM employs a unique impedance network (two pairs of inductors and capacitors connected in X shape) to couple the cascaded H Bridge to the power source. By controlling the shoot-through state of H bridge, the input voltage to H bridge can be boosted, thus the transmitter current can be adjusted, and hence, charging current and power for batteries. A LCL-LCL resonant topology is adopted as the main transfer energy carrier, for it can work with a unity power factor and have the current source characteristic which is suitable for battery charging.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with relatively high energy, power density and eco-friendly characteristic are considered as a vital energy source in consumer market of portable electronics and transportation sector especially in electric vehicles (EVs). To meet the higher capacity requirements, the nickel-rich LIBs with higher capacity has been used as the commercial power batteries. However, the battery with higher energy density is more destructive, which could result in thermal runaway accidents and make the battery safety issues become more and more prominent. Thermal runaway of LIBs is one of the key scientific problems in safety issues. Until now, the inducement of thermal runaway process is complicated which perplex researchers and industry a lot. On the one hand, the internal mechanism about thermal runaway should be deeply studied. On the other hand, in-situ monitoring should be developed to supply the mechanism study and early warning.

Recent years, electric vehicles (EVs) have been widely used as urban transit buses in China, but high costs and a dwindling driving distance caused mainly by relatively frequent usage rate have put the electric bus in a difficult position. Range-extended electric bus (REEbus) is taken as an ideal transitional powertrain configuration, but its efficiency is not so high. Besides, with less batteries to endure more frequently charging and discharging, the lifecycle of battery pack can also be shorten. Aiming at it, range-extended electric powertrains with diverse energy storage systems (ESSs) and proper auxiliary power unit (APU) control strategies are matched and compared to find most proper ESS configuration for REEbus through simulation, which is based on a 12 meter-long urban bus.

Parallel-connected modules have been widely used in battery packs for electric vehicles nowadays. Unlike series-connected modules, the direct state inconsistency caused by parameter inconsistency in parallel modules is current and temperature non-uniformity, thus resulting in the inconsistency in the speed of aging among cells. Consequently, the evolution pattern of parameter inconsistency is different from that of series-connected modules. Since it’s practically impossible to monitor each cell’s current and temperature information in battery packs, considering cost and energy efficiency, it’s necessary to study how the parameter inconsistency evolves in parallel modules considering the initial parameter distribution, topology design and working condition. In this study, we assigned cells of 18650 format into several groups regarding the degree of capacity and resistance inconsistency. Then all groups are cycled under different environmental temperature and current profile.

An alternating current (AC) heating method for a NMC lithium-ion battery with 8Ah capacity is proposed. The effects of excitation frequency, current amplitudes, and voltage limit condition on the temperature evolution are investigated experimentally. Current amplitudes are set to 24A(3C), 40(5C), and 64A(8C), and excitation frequencies are set to 300Hz, 100Hz, 30Hz, 10Hz, 5Hz, and 1Hz respectively. The voltage limitations are necessary to protect cells from overcharge and over-discharge. Therefore the voltage limit condition (4.2V/2.75V, 4.3V/2.65V, and 4.4V/2.55V) are also considered in depth to verify the feasibility of the AC heating method. The temperature rises prominently as the current increases, and the decrement of frequencies also lead to the obvious growth of battery temperature. The battery obtain the maximum temperature rise at 64A and 1Hz, which takes 1800s to heat up the battery from -25°C to 18°C.

Lithium-ion batteries have been applied in the new energy vehicles more and more widely. The inconsistency of battery cells imposes a lot of difficulties in parameter and state estimations. This paper proposes a new algorithm which can online identify the parameters of each individual battery cell accurately with limited increase of computational cost. An equivalent circuit battery model is founded and based on the RLS (recursive least squares) algorithm, an optimization algorithm with the construction of weight vectors is proposed which can identify the parameters of lithium battery pack considering inconsistency of single battery cell. Firstly, the average value of the parameters of the battery pack is identified with the traditional RLS algorithm. Then the ratios between the parameters of each battery cell can be deduced from the mathematical model of battery. These ratios are used to determine the weight vector of each parameter of individual battery cells.

For balancing Li-ion battery cells connected in series and effectively improving the consistency of the cells, a bi-directional equalization system based on fly-back transformer is proposed. Unlike the passive equalization technology using a resistor or active equalization with expensive DC-DC converter for the balancing among the cells, this equalization circuit consists of the fly-back transformer and RCD circuit, which can easily and cheaply realize the energy transfer between the whole battery module and the cells, and thus achieving bidirectional equalization. In this system, both the primary side and the secondary side of multi-winding transformer are connected to a MOSFET. All MOSFETs are controlled by the PWM signal. The control timing and duty ratio of the PWM control signal are determined through the simulation analysis. Meanwhile, an RCD circuit is applied at the primary side of multi-winding transformer for buffering the peak voltage caused by leakage inductance.

As the international community strengthens the control of carbon dioxide emissions, electric vehicles have gradually become a substitute for internal combustion engine vehicles. The battery pack is one of the most important components of electric vehicles. The strength and fatigue performance of the battery support plate not only affect the performance of the vehicle but also concern the safety of the driver. In the present study, the finite element model of a battery pack for fatigue analysis is completely established. The random vibration stress response analysis and acceleration power spectral density response analysis of the support plate for the battery pack are carried out, and the accuracy of the finite element model is verified by a random vibration test.

With the degradation of lithium-ion batteries, the battery safety performance changes, which further influences the safe working window. In this paper, the pouch ternary lithium-ion battery whose rated capacity is 4.2 Ah is used as the research object to investigate the impact of the high-temperature calendar and cyclic aging on tolerance performance. The overcharge-to-thermal-runaway test is performed on the fresh cell and aged cell (90% SOH). The inflection point of voltage for aged cells appears earlier than that of the fresh cell, while the voltage corresponding to the inflection point is the same for them, which means that the voltage at which lithium plating occurs is the same. However, the voltage plateau and the crest voltage before thermal runaway of aged cell are significantly higher than that of the fresh cell. Besides, ohmic heat, reversible heat, and side reaction heat make contribution to the thermal runaway triggering.

Alternating current (AC) heating is an efficient and homogeneous manner to warm Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) up. The integrated design of AC heating combined with the motor drive circuit has been studied by many scholars. However, the problems of excessive heating frequency (>1kHz) and zeros torque output of the motor during the heating process have not been solved. High-frequency AC excitation may be detrimental to the battery because the effect of high-frequency AC excitation on the state of health of the battery is unknown. In addition, although the zero-torque output can be realized by controlling the q-axis current to zero, the torque ripple is still difficult to eliminate in a real-world application. To further solve the above problems, the motor’s neutral conductor is pulled out and connected to a large capacitor to increase the current amplitude of the AC heating at low frequencies.

As the core component of electric vehicles (EVs), batteries attach increasingly general attention along with the rapid expansion of electric vehicle market. Battery performance effect directly the safety and reliability of the EVs, so its managing technologies are more and more crucial. Among them, the methods of estimating the state of health (SoH) and predicting remaining useful life become the focuses, which are essential to ensure their dependability and optimum performance over time. This paper mainly focuses on impedance modeling and aging research (aging diagnosis and life prediction) of lithium-ion batteries. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique is used to obtain impedance characteristic of batteries. On the one hand, equivalent circuit modeling (ECM) can be motivated by EIS, with the goal to fit measured impedance data using circuit elements.

When electric vehicle speeds up or slows down, rapidly changing current and voltage (di/dt and du/dt) would occurs in its lithium-ion power battery. In this way, the impedance of power battery would changes with parasitic parameters because that the ion transport in electrolytes would influence diffusion effect and polarization effect of battery. Thus, the lithium-ion battery cannot be regarded as ideal component in high frequency, which could cause unpredictable problem in electromagnetic interference (EMI). However, most previous studies took lithium-ion power batteries as disturbed objects or transmission routes, which ignore the electromagnetic interference of battery itself. Based on it, this paper analyses the internal mechanism of EMI in lithium-ion power battery, and simulates the distribution of electromagnetic field as well as it corresponding interference suppression measures. Firstly, the test platform for parameter extraction of battery cell is built.

State-of-Power (SoP) prediction of Li-ion battery is necessary in battery management system for electric vehicles in order to deal with limited conditions, prevent overcharge and over discharge situations, increase the life of the battery and provide effective battery operation. This article suggests a method to on-line predict the 10-s charge and discharge peak power of Li-ion battery by twice recursions. First with the dynamic battery model we use the first recursion based on a least square method to get parameters which are influenced by the state of charge of Li-ion battery and temperature, etc. The dynamic model is an equivalent circuit model. Current and voltage are input online into the battery model. By recursive least square method the parameters are updated in real time. Moreover, when we use a recursive method to get real-time parameters, we add an extra proper factor to abandon old datum, which increases the real-time capability of state-of-power prediction.

Lithium-ion battery charging strategy affects charging time of electric vehicles, energy efficiency of entire vehicle, service life and safety. This paper focuses on the lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery, based on the battery internal mechanism and the working conditions, taking charging time, effective full-charge capacity and charge energy efficiency as the evaluation indexes. Firstly, through a series of comparative experiments of the constant-current constant-voltage and the constant current charging strategy, the evaluation indexes variations in different temperatures and charging currents have been studied in the paper. By analyzing the respective characteristics of constant current charging phase and constant voltage charging phase in the whole charging process and their own contributions, we have found out the superiority of the constant current charging strategy.

Regenerative braking control for a four-wheel-drive (4WD) electric vehicle (EV) equipped with a decoupled electro-hydraulic brake system was studied. The energy flow of the 4WD electric vehicle was analyzed during braking, and the brake force distribution strategy between the front-rear axles, regenerative braking and hydraulic braking was studied. Considering ECE R13 regulations, motors and battery pack characteristic constraints, the optimal regenerative braking control strategy using Genetic Algorithm (GA) was proposed. A Hardware-in-loop (HIL) test was built to verify the proposed regenerative braking control strategy. The results show that the optimal regenerative braking control strategy for the 4WD electric vehicle was advantageous over the comparison program, and regenerative energy efficiency reaches 78.87% under the Shanghai Urban Driving Cycle (SUDC).

This paper presents a three-dimensional electrochemical electrode plate pair model to study the effect of the electrode tabs configuration. Understanding the distribution of current density, potential and heat generation rate is critical for designing li-ion batteries and conducting effective design optimization studies. We developed several electrode plate pair models which were different in position and size of tabs. Results showed the influence and comparison of different configuration on the distribution of current density, potential density and heat generation rate at different discharge process. The distribution was predicted as a function of tabs. It can provide a theoretical basis for improving battery thermal performance and cooling system design.

From the perspective of the three elements of electromagnetic interference, the main function of shielding is to cut off the propagation path of electromagnetic noise. The battery pack casing can be regarded as shielding the electromagnetic interference conducted on its internal and external wiring harnesses, but because the battery pack casing has power lines in and out, the battery pack casing is an incomplete shield. In the field of electromagnetics, shielding can be divided into electrical shielding, magnetic shielding and electromagnetic shielding. Therefore, this paper studies its influence on the electromagnetic radiation emission of the whole vehicle from the perspective of shielding mechanism. Due to the role of the switch components in the power battery system, strong current fluctuation di/dt and voltage fluctuation dv/dt will be generated on the power cable, and these interferences will have an important impact on the radiation emission of the vehicle.

Regarding the lithium-ion batteries used in the electric vehicle, charging time and charging efficiency are the concern of the public. In this paper, a lot of experiments were conducted to investigate the common charging strategies, including the CC-CV (constant current-constant voltage) charging and the pulse current charging, for the LiFePO4 batteries, which are still widely used in commercial vehicles. Charging temperature and the charging current in the CC phase are the main influence factors to be studied for the CC-CV charging strategy, and the contribution of the CC phase and CV phase to the whole charging is analyzed from three aspects, including the time percent, charging energy efficiency and the capacity of battery at different temperatures and charging current.

Range anxiety problem has always been one of the biggest concern of consumers for pure electric vehicles. Accurate driving range prediction is based on accurate lithium-ion battery pack SOC (State of Charge) estimation. In this article, a complete SOC estimation algorithm is proposed from cell level to battery pack level. To begin with, the equivalent circuit model (ECM) is applied as the model of battery cell. ECM parameters are identified every 10% SOC interval through genetic algorithm. The dual extended Kalman filtering (DEKF) algorithm is adopted for cell-level SOC and ohmic resistance R0 estimation. The estimation accuracy of cell SOC and R0 is verified under NEDC dynamic working condition. The cell-level SOC estimation error is below 1%. However, cell inconsistency can always result in inaccurate cell SOC estimation inside the battery pack. The impact of initial SOC inconsistency and internal resistance inconsistency between cells on battery pack SOC is specifically analyzed.