Refine Your Search

Topic

Search Results

Video

Toyota Plug-In Hybrid (PHV) Demonstration Program Results

2012-03-27
From 2009 until present Toyota has had a demonstration program of Prius PHV which is comprised of 600 vehicles throughout Japan, Europe and in the US. The vehicles were given to government agencies, corporations, utility companies and private individuals to use. With these demo units Toyota wanted to understand the market reaction and real world impact of plug-in technology on gasoline displacement with increased use of electricity as a fuel. This presentation shows that approximately 50% of fuel was saved using the PHVs in the US. An experiment in Toyota City shows that if public infrastructure is optimized to be convenient and located where people normally park, there is a potential to achieve an ideal fuel savings of 61%. The demonstration program shows that plug-in technology in fact saves fuel and that the proper infrastructure can optimize the fuel savings of plug-in hybrids. Presenter Avernethy Francisco, Toyota
Video

Some Aspects of Toyota PHEV Prius OBD

2012-02-01
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) are entering the market and bring with them new OBD issues. A key one is how to measure in-use monitor performance ratio and where to set a standard for this, as PHEVs will have varying amounts of engine-on operation depending on customer plug-in and driving behavior. Toyota�s Prius PHEV system is described and customer use data from a US demonstration fleet is examined. Some prior denominator proposals by Toyota and CARB are explained, as background for the current CARB/industry agreement for denominator and ratio. Presenter Morton M. Smith, Toyota
Technical Paper

Real-world Evaluation of National Energy Efficiency Potential of Cold Storage Evaporator Technology in the Context of Engine Start-Stop Systems

2020-04-14
2020-01-1252
National concerns over energy consumption and emissions from the transportation sector have prompted regulatory agencies to implement aggressive fuel economy targets for light-duty vehicles through the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration/Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program. Automotive manufacturers have responded by bringing competitive technologies to market that maximize efficiency while meeting or exceeding consumer performance and comfort expectations. In a collaborative effort among Toyota Motor Corporation, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the real-world savings of one such technology is evaluated. A commercially available Toyota Highlander equipped with two-phase cold storage technology was tested at ANL’s chassis dynamometer testing facility.
Journal Article

The Performance of a Modern Vehicle on a Variety of Alcohol-Gasoline Fuel Blends

2012-04-16
2012-01-1272
An unmodified, conventionally fuelled, 2009 Class D vehicle with a 2.0L turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine was operated on a range of gasoline, gasoline-ethanol and gasoline-butanol fuel blends over NEDC drive cycles and WOT power curves on a chassis dynamometer. Engine performance, engine management system parameters and vehicle out emissions were recorded to investigate the response of a current state-of-the-art technology vehicle to various alcohol fuel blends. The vehicle fired on all fuels and was capable of adapting its long term fuelling trim to cope with the increased fuel flow demand for alcohol fuels up to E85. Over the NEDC tests, the volumetric fuel consumption was very strongly related to the calorific content of the fuel. CO and NOx emissions were largely unaffected for the mid alcohol blends, but CO emissions decreased and NOx emissions increased significantly for the high alcohol fuels. THC emissions were largely unaffected.
Journal Article

Measuring the Impact of Engine Oils and Fuels on Low-Speed Pre-Ignition in Downsized Engines

2014-04-01
2014-01-1219
One of the limits on the maximum fuel efficiency benefit to be gained from turbocharged, downsized gasoline engines is the occurrence of low speed pre-ignition (LSPI). LSPI may lead to high pressures and extreme knock (megaknock or superknock) which can cause severe engine damage. Though the mechanism leading to megaknock is not completely resolved, LSPI is thought to arise from local auto-ignition of areas in the cylinder which are rich in low ignition delay “contaminants” such as engine oil and/or heavy ends of gasoline. These contaminants are introduced to the combustion chamber at various points in the engine cycle (e.g. entering from the top land crevice during blow-down or washed from the cylinder walls during DI wall impingement). This paper describes a method for testing the propensity of different contaminants to cause a local pre-ignition in a gasoline engine. During one cycle, a small amount of contaminant is injected into one cylinder of a 4 cylinder engine.
Technical Paper

Developing Safety Standards for FCVs and Hydrogen Vehicles

2007-04-16
2007-01-0436
The SAE FCV Safety Working Group has been addressing fuel cell vehicle (FCV) safety for over 7 years. The initial document, SAE J2578, was published in 2002. SAE J2578 has been valuable to the FCV development with regard to the identification of hazards and the definition of countermeasures to mitigate these hazards such that FCVs can be operated in the same manner as conventional gasoline IC-powered vehicles. The document is currently being updated to clarify and update requirements so that the document will continue to be relevant and useful in the future. In addition to developing draft revisions to SAE J2578, the working group has updated SAE J1766 and is developing a new recommended practice on vehicular hydrogen systems (SAE J2579). The documents are written from the standpoint of systems-level, performance-based requirements. A risk-based approach was used to identify potential electrical and fuel system hazards and provide criteria for acceptance.
Technical Paper

The Impact of Fuel Composition on the Combustion and Emissions of a Prototype Lean-Boosted PFI Engine

2010-10-25
2010-01-2094
Toyota and BP have performed a collaborative study to understand the impact of fuel composition on the combustion and emissions of a prototype 1.8L lean boosted engine. The fuel matrix was designed to understand better the impact of a range of fuel properties on fundamental combustion characteristics including thermal efficiency, combustion duration, exhaust emissions and extension of lean limit. Most of the fuels in the test matrix were in the RON range of 96 - 102, although ethanol and other high octane components were used in some fuels to increase RON to the range 104 - 108. The oxygen content ranged from 2 - 28%, and constituents included biocomponents, combustion improving additives and novel blend components. Performance and emissions tests were conducted over a range of engine operating conditions. Thermal efficiency was mapped at stoichiometric and lean conditions, and the limit of lean combustion was established for different fuels.
Technical Paper

Current Trends for Silicon and Embedded Computing Solutions for Automotive Applications

2002-10-21
2002-21-0059
Automotive applications have started providing functionalities like dynamic navigation and multimedia computing that are both complex as well as real-time in nature. A single chip implementation of these applications is possible only if the processing power of the chip is high enough. The advances in silicon technology have been significant and the silicon real estate available for processing on a single chip is increasing at a rapid pace. Moore's law predicts that by 2005, a billion transistors will reside on a single chip. This makes it possible for automobile designers to provide the end-user with a complete embedded solution.
Technical Paper

Rapid Boundary Detection for Model Based Diesel Engine Calibration

2011-04-12
2011-01-0741
In recent years, engine control systems have become more and more complex because of the growing pressure to develop technical innovations due to social pressures such as global warming and the depletion of fossil fuels. On the other hand, products must be launched on the market in a timely manner and at low cost. For these reasons, calibration processes have become more sophisticated. It is possible to improve the efficiency of calibration by making good use of models, and a calibration process that incorporates models is called model based calibration (MBC). MBC is a valid means of reducing the number of measurement points to some extent by statistical engine modeling and design of experiment (DoE) methodology which places measurement points in order to maximize modeling accuracy. However, it is still necessary to spend much time carrying out boundary detection testing before DoE.
Technical Paper

Look-Ahead Information Based Optimization Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2016-10-17
2016-01-2226
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) is an essential aspect of the automotive technology in this era of technological revolution, where the goal is to make vehicles more convenient, safe, and energy efficient. Taking advantage of more degrees of freedom available within vehicle “energy management” allows more margin to maximize efficiency in the propulsion systems. It is envisioned by this research that future fuel economy regulations will consider the potential benefits of emerging connectivity and automation technologies of vehicle’s fuel consumption. The application focuses on reducing the energy consumption in vehicles by acquiring information about the road grade. Road elevation are obtained by use of Geographic Information System (GIS) maps in order to optimize the controller. The optimization is then reflected on the powertrain of the vehicle. The approach uses a Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm that allows the energy management strategy to leverage road grade.
Technical Paper

Active Battery Thermal Management within Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2016-10-17
2016-01-2221
Electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are considered as a promising future solution for sustainable transportation. This is due to the reduction in energy consumption when compared to conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) based vehicles. EVs and PHEVs contain an Energy Storage Systems (ESS). This increases the complexity of the system but also provides additional margins and fields for optimization. One of the most important elements of these vehicles is the ESS. The electrochemistry nature of battery systems is inherently sensitive to the temperature shifts. The shifts are controlled by the thermal management system of the traction battery systems, for electric-drive vehicles, which directly affects the overall vehicle dynamics. These dynamics include performance, long-term durability, and cost of the battery systems. Hence, thermal management becomes an essential element in the achievement to meet the demand for better performance.
Technical Paper

Evaluating Synergies between Fuels and Near Term Powertrain Technologies through Vehicle Drive Cycle and Performance Simulation

2012-04-16
2012-01-0357
The main focus nowadays for the development of future vehicle powertrain systems is the improvement in fuel efficiency alongside the reduction of pollutant emissions and greenhouse gasses, most notably carbon dioxide. The automotive community is already engaged in seeking solutions to these issues, however, the ideal solution, namely zero emission vehicle is still regarded as being a long way from fruition for the mass market. In the meantime steps are being taken, in terms of engineering development, towards improved fuel efficiency and sustainability of relatively conventionally powered vehicles. One approach to the decarbonization of road vehicles is to supplement existing fossil fuels with sustainable biofuels.
Technical Paper

Development of a S-FLOW System and Control (S‑FLOW: Energy Saving Air Flow Control System)

2013-04-08
2013-01-1499
This paper focuses on the development of the centralized air flow system S-FLOW (Energy Saving Air Flow Control System). The S-FLOW system directs thermal energy to each seating position in the vehicle based on occupancy, thus prioritizing the energy usage based on the particular scenario. The thermal environment in a vehicle's cabin is non-uniform. If the climate control system is used to direct airflow exclusively to any one region of the cabin, without special considerations, comfort may be adversely impacted. To solve this concern, a non-uniform evaluation method was developed to evaluate comfort at each body region of the occupant using the SET* (Standard new effective temperature) method. SET* is a parameter that combines the effects of temperature, airflow velocity, humidity, and other parameters to quantify thermal comfort. Next, a method was established that correlated each body region's SET* value to the occupant's overall thermal comfort.
Technical Paper

Evaluation of Operational Safety Assessment (OSA) Metrics for Automated Vehicles in Simulation

2021-04-06
2021-01-0868
The operational safety of automated driving system (ADS)-equipped vehicles (AVs) must be quantified using well-defined metrics in order to gain an unambiguous understanding of the level of risk associated with AV deployment on public roads. In this research, efforts to evaluate the operational safety assessment (OSA) metrics introduced in prior work by the Institute of Automated Mobility (IAM) are described. An initial validation of the proposed set of OSA metrics involved using the open-source simulation software Car Learning to Act (CARLA) and Scenario Runner, which are used to place a subject vehicle in selected scenarios and obtain measurements for the various relevant OSA metrics. Car following scenarios were selected from the list of 37 pre-crash scenarios identified by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) as the most common driving situations that lead to crash events involving two light vehicles.
Technical Paper

Development of Aluminum-Clad Material for Corrosion Resistance Cooler

2013-04-08
2013-01-0380
As greater emphasis is placed on the development of small fuel-efficient cars, there is a growing need to reduce the size of the inverter used in hybrid vehicles (HVs). However, semiconductor devices and other components are generating larger amounts of heat and the parts used to cool these components are becoming thinner. One issue resulting from these trends is perforations that propagate from coolant paths. This development secured corrosion resistance by controlling sacrificial corrosion protection performance, optimizing the use of Mn and Si materials to reduce susceptibility to grain-boundary corrosion, and taking a microstructural approach to the flow of the brazing filler metal. The developed material was applied to the inverter cooler of a small HV released at the end of 2011.
Technical Paper

A GLM Approach to Optimal ALT Test Plans for Weibull Distribution with Type-I Censoring

2011-04-12
2011-01-0799
The aim of this paper is to derive the methodology for planning an optimal accelerated life test with the consideration of type-I censoring. In a typical industrial setting, the total duration of ALT tests must be controlled as failure times are random in nature. The generalized linear model approach allows optimal designs to be found using iteratively weighted least squares solution without directly calculating the expected Fisher information matrix, which is often intractable in the case of censoring. This approach is demonstrated with an assumed Weibull distribution. We discuss both D-optimal design, where the determinant of variance-covariance matrix of model parameters is minimized, and UC-optimal design, where the prediction variance of lifetime at a product's use condition is minimized.
Technical Paper

Evaluation of Operational Safety Assessment (OSA) Metrics for Automated Vehicles Using Real-World Data

2022-03-29
2022-01-0062
Assurance of the operational safety of automated vehicles (AVs) is crucial to enable commercialization and deployment on public roads. The operational safety must be quantified without ambiguity using well-defined metrics. Several efforts are in place to establish an appropriate set of metrics that can quantify the operational safety of AVs in a technology-neutral way, including the Operational Safety Assessment (OSA) metrics proposed by the Institute of Automated Mobility (IAM). The focus of this work is to compute real-world measurements of the relevant safety envelope OSA metrics in car-following scenarios. This allows for an analysis of the impact of different parameters and thresholds and for an evaluation of the individual usefulness of the safety envelope OSA metrics. The current work complements prior IAM work involving evaluating the safety envelope OSA metrics in car-following scenarios in simulation.
Technical Paper

Infrastructure-Based LiDAR Monitoring for Assessing Automated Driving Safety

2022-03-29
2022-01-0081
The successful deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) has recently coincided with the use of off-board sensors for assessments of operational safety. Many intersections and roadways have monocular cameras used primarily for traffic monitoring; however, monocular cameras may not be sufficient to allow for useful AV operational safety assessments to be made in all operational design domains (ODDs) such as low ambient light and inclement weather conditions. Additional sensor modalities such as Light Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR) sensors allow for a wider range of scenarios to be accommodated and may also provide improved measurements of the Operational Safety Assessment (OSA) metrics previously introduced by the Institute of Automated Mobility (IAM).
Technical Paper

Evaluating the Severity of Safety Envelope Violations in the Proposed Operational Safety Assessment (OSA) Methodology for Automated Vehicles

2022-03-29
2022-01-0819
As the automated vehicle (AV) industry continues to progress, it is important to establish the level of operational safety of these vehicles prior to and throughout their deployment on public roads. The Institute of Automated Mobility (IAM) has previously proposed a set of operational safety assessment (OSA) metrics which can be used to quantify the operational safety of vehicles. The OSA metrics provide a starting point to consistently quantify performance, but a framework to interpret the metrics measurements is needed to objectively quantify the overall operational safety for a vehicle in a given scenario. This work aims to present an approach to applying a calculation of the safety envelope component of the OSA metrics to rear-world collisions for use in such an assessment. In this paper, the OSA methodology concept is introduced as a means for quantifying the operational safety of a vehicle.
Technical Paper

Sensitivity of Automated Vehicle Operational Safety Assessment (OSA) Metrics to Measurement and Parameter Uncertainty

2022-03-29
2022-01-0815
As the deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) on public roadways expands, there is growing interest in establishing metrics that can be used to evaluate vehicle operational safety. The set of Operational Safety Assessment (OSA) metrics, that include several safety envelope-type metrics, previously proposed by the Institute of Automated Mobility (IAM) are a step towards this goal. The safety envelope OSA metrics can be computed using kinematics derived from video data captured by infrastructure-based cameras and thus do not require on-board sensor data or vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) connectivity, though either of the latter data sources could enhance kinematic data accuracy. However, the calculation of some metrics includes certain vehicle-specific parameters that must be assumed or estimated if they are not known a priori or communicated directly by the vehicle.
X