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Diesel fuels have been tested in both a naturally aspirated and an externally supercharged single cylinder, air cooled KHD DI-diesel engine, to determine the influence of poor fuel quality on combustion and emissions. A thermodynamic analysis of the cylinder pressure was conducted and the emissions were measured both gaseous as well as the particle emission (by means of a dilution tunnel). Additionally, extensive cold start tests were conducted. Under steady state conditions the cetane number seems to be a good parameter which describes the ignition behavior of different fuels. At low load, a change in combustion and a high increase in CO, HC and particle emissions were found with decreasing cetane number. During cold starting and warming up, a clear deterioration of the emission and combustion characteristics was also observed with decreasing cetane number when basic fuels were used.