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Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a powerful and well recognized tool used in the analysis of heat transfer problems. However, FEA can only analyze solid bodies and, by necessity thermal analysis with FEA is limited to conductive heat transfer. The other two types of heat transfer: convection and radiation must by approximated by boundary conditions. Modeling all three mechanisms of heat transfer without arbitrary assumption requires a combined use of FEA and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) models currently populating the vehicle electrification landscape indicate their dominance in the market. Although electric, plug-in, and fuel cell vehicles are making inroads in the market, the HEV stands as the market leader in adoption, and manufacturers have no plans on diminishing HEV production. HEV powertrain operation is totally different from the traditional vehicle. It is essential to understand the various operating modes and how failure modes in the hybrid system affect its operation.