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TU Delft in the Netherlands is performing research into the effects of the use of synthetic kerosene in aircraft. The research program consists of both desk research and tests. In the desk research gas turbine simulations will be combined with payload range performance calculations to show engine effects and fuel consumption changes. Ground and flight tests will be performed to show safe operation on synthetic fuel and to validate the calculations. Measurements during the ground tests will show the changed emissions as a result of the synthetic fuel.

In this study the characteristics of ice crystals on their trajectory in a single stage of a turbofan engine compressor are determined. The particle trajectories are calculated with a Lagrangian method employing a classical fourth-order Runge-Kutta time integration scheme. The air flow field is provided as input and is a steady flow field solution governed by the Euler equations. The single compressor stage is represented using a cascaded grid. The grid consists of three parts of which the first and the last part are stator parts and the centre part is a rotor. Each particle is modelled as a non-rotating rigid sphere. The remaining model does allow the exchange of heat and mass to and from the particle resulting in a mass, temperature and phase change of the particle. The phase change is based on a perfectly concentric ice core-water film model and it is assumed that the particle is at uniform temperature.