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When dump trucks unload dusty materials, dust particles with a diameter of 1 to 75 microns slide out of the dump body and float into the air. Dust particles naturally settle down spending a few hours, which causes air pollution. People who work in this environment daily suffer serious physical harm. To study the movement of dust particles during the unloading process, a scaled-down model is used to simulate the process of dump truck unloading gravel, and a high frame rate camera is used to record the movement trajectory of dust particles during the unloading process. In this paper, by observing the movement process of unloading dust particles by dump trucks, based on the principle of dynamics, a mathematical model describing the unloading of dust particles in the dump body and a mathematical model of the diffusion of dust particles in the air are established. Take the small gravel sampled at the construction site as an example of the experiment.